Reading and Mathematics Flashcards
What is Emergent Literacy?
Skills and knowledge that are precursors to reading
Name 3 features of Emergent Literacy
1) Spaces between letters e.g. indicating new word
2) Written words correspond to spoken words e.g. not just black squiggles
3) Read a page in a specific order e.g. left to right
What will happen to children with parents who don’t read to them?
They will miss out on these precursors as they haven’t had the exposure
What does Bookstart encourage?
Parents to read to their little ones, and to stop parents thinking that reading is the teachers responsibility only
How is Home Literacy environment a predictor, using Weigel et al (2006) as evidence?
He did a 1 year longitudinal study of 85 families and found that parent-child literacy/language activities led to greater print knowledge and reading interest
What does Home Literacy practice depend on?
Parents beliefs and values
Froiland et al (2013) looked at shared reading, number of books, how much the parent is reading to them, and found what 3 pathways involving Home Literacy Environment?
1) Neighbourhood Socio-Economic wellbeing
2) Home literacy environment
3) Childs early literacy
Even after controlling for parents own education level
What was a limitation of Froiland et al (2013) study?
It was correlational data from one time point
Roberts et al. (2005) found what to be the most consistent and strongest predictor of children’s language and literacy skills?
HOME e.g. overall quality and responsiveness
What are the 4 predictors of Reading Ability?
1) Concept of print
2) Phonemic awareness e.g. discriminating, blending, deletion
3) Rhyme awareness
4) Letter knowledge e.g. sounds, naming speed
What did Bradley and Byrant (1983) find about children who did a sound categorisation task e.g. odd one out in a list of consonant, vowel, consonant?
They had superior reading and spelling, and it predicted later reading and spelling 3 years later, supports the idea that early rhyme and alliteration awareness is causally important
What did Schatschneider et al. (2004) find as predictors of reading outcomes?
1) Consistent predictive value of phonological awareness
2) Knowledge of letter sounds
3) Letter naming speed (rapid automatised naming of letters, RAN)
What are the 3 controversies in teaching reading?
1) Phonics vs Whole Word
2) Reading Schemes e.g. Bif, Chip vs Real Books
3) Synthetic Phonics vs Analytic phonics
What did Goodman (1965) find about learning whole words from context?
He found that this showed 60-80% fewer errors than when reading words in isolation e.g. lists
Going against Goodman’s research, what did Nicholson (1991) find about the effect of context?
It may be less robust than suggested, and likely to be present for only poor/average readers who cant read and rely on context as compensation
Skilled readers dont need context, as they use what instead?
Their phoneme knowledge to sound out the word
What four searchlights did the earlier framework set out in 1998 focus on?
1) Phonics
2) Grammatical knowledge
3) Word recognition and graphic knowledge
4) Knowledge of context
Outline Johnston & Watson (2004) evidence for Synthetic over Analytic Phonics?
Those in the synthetic group showed superior performance
Goswami (1999) emphasises BOTH ____ and _______ work
Rhyme and Phoneme
Different types of systematic phonics programmes (e.g., synthetic vs. larger-unit) did _____ differ in the impact on reading
Not
There is currently not strong RCT evidence that any one form of systematic phonics is ______ __________ than any other
More, Effective
What did Wyse and Styles (2007) say about analytic phonics, a bad point?
That its prescriptive, rigid and limited, and sees reading as a function to decode and so children become less motivated and interested
What is the Phonics Screening Check?
Designed to confirm whether children have learnt phonic decoding to an appropriate standard
Even though the Phonics Screening Check is valid, but bad point was raised about it?
Not sure if it actually adds any value to what teachers can already judge themselves
Some readers are good decoders but poor _____________
Comprehenders
There is a role of __________ in skilled comprehension
Metacognition
What 3 things were poor comprehenders les likely/able to do?
1) Less likely to identify independent strategies when encountering a word they cant read
2) Less likely to identify strategies for remembering the gist of a story
3) Less able to adapt reading style to accomplish different goals
What did Cain, Oakhill and Bryant (2004) find about working memory?
That it predicts reading comprehension after controlling for word reading skill and verbal ability
Cain, Oakhill and Bryant (2004) also found that _______-_______ _______ and _______________ _________ were also significant predictors of reading comprehension, even after controlling for ________ ______ as well
Inference-making ability, Comprehension Monitoring, Working Memory
In understanding maths, there is a focus on procedural knowledge often at the expense of ________ knowledge
Conceptual
What should teacher focus on, instead of repetition and memory?
Explanations e.g. asking children to explain, and articulate problem-solving strategies, use plausible contexts
Where were there more computing in context and more higher-order questions, than there were in the USA?
Taiwan and Japan
What did Stipek & Gralinski (1991) find about expected performance in boys?
There was higher expected performance for boys
Girls were more likely to attribute failure to lack of ______ and were more likely to feel like _______ their test paper, and had _____ beliefs in value of effort for success
Ability, Hiding, Lower
What did Parsons et al. (1982) find about parents beliefs in their children’s maths performances?
They had sex-differentiated beliefs, despite similarities
Parents beliefs were ____ important for child’s self-perception than their own past performance
More
According to Bleeker & Jacobs (2004), what mediated the relation between mothers prediction of child’s success in a math-oriented career and the child’s later career self-efficacy?
The child’s self-perception of maths ability
At 5 years old, both boys and girls show an own-gender bias, but at 6 years old, what happens?
Only boys show an own-gender bias, and girls drop
Girls perception was ___ correlated with beliefs about school achievement, and were related to choice of new ____
Not, Games
In a study by Huguet & Raynor (2009), where children were given 90 seconds to learn a complex figure then 5 minutes to produce from memory, what were the 2 conditions and what was found?
In one condition children were told it was a test of geometry (which was supposed to be a stereotype prime, boys better than girls), In the other condition children were told it was a test of drawing ability, in the drawing condition girls outperformed boys, and in the geometry condition boys outperformed girls, even though girls had counter-stereotypic beliefs and thought they were just as good as boys at geometry
