Preschool Provision and Early Intervention

Question 1

What do all other skills stem from?

Answer 1

Making relationships

Question 2

Why is defining School Readiness problematic?

Answer 2

Because there are many different conceptualisations e.g ready in what sense, many different measures

Question 3

Outline the 3 measures used to assess School Readiness

Answer 3

1) Basic maths and literacy skills and knowledge
2) Preschool Learning Behaviour Scale, with 3 different subscales = Competence Motivation, Attention/Persistence, Attitude towards Learning
3) Early Development Inventory = Physical Health, Wellbeing, Social Competence, Emotional Maturity, Language and Cognitive Development, Communication Skills and General Knowledge

Question 4

What is the first port of call when determining if a child is school ready?

Answer 4

To see if they are in a state where they are healthy and well

Question 5

What are the 2 opposing types of Early Learners?

Answer 5

Parents reading to them every night, vs No books in the house or not conversations

Question 6

What did Blair (2002) find about the one thing that unifies different perspectives in school readiness?

Answer 6

Self-regulation, e.g. regulation of emotions and attention and selective strategy use in execution of cognitive tasks, level of emotional reactivity e.g. high = higher self-regulatory demands

Question 7

What did NCES teachers believe was the 3 most important factors for school readiness?

Answer 7

1) Health and Wellbeing
2) Can communicate needs
3) Motivation and enthusiasm

Question 8

Why is there a gap on in the literature on factors important for school readiness?

Answer 8

Because there is a focus on maths and literacy skills, but teachers say that this is the least important

Question 9

Entrance age means that theres a gap in the rate of progress, even though this age difference does not predict differences inn rate of progress, what is said about this gap?

Answer 9

It can persist for a long time, still there at GCSE level for example

Question 10

People born in September are ____ as likely to do better

Answer 10

Twice

Question 11

What might the gap at GCSE level be due to?

Answer 11

Teacher expectations and self-fulfilling prophecy e.g. consistent attention affects the child’s self-perception and social comparisons

Question 12

Outline how there is continuity between how children play outside school and inside school?

Answer 12

If children at home are more interactive, they are more positive in the classroom, have less classroom problem behaviours, and more self-regulation skills

Question 13

Name 3 measurements of environment by Bradley and Caldwell

Answer 13

1) Warmth and affection
2) Physical punishment
3) Language stimulation e.g. physical books and toys

Question 14

What are these measurements by Bradley and Caldwell associated with?

Answer 14

IQ and Language Ability

Question 15

What did Hill (2001) find about parenting effects?

Answer 15

They may be moderated by Socio-Economic Status

Question 16

When SES is low, parenting effect is ___

Answer 16

Big

Question 17

Parenting effects may also be mediated by _______ _______

Answer 17

Executive Function

Question 18

What did Sylva et al (2003) find about the quality and quantity of pre-school experience?

Answer 18

That its more important than family influences, and the impact on cognitive outcomes persist into year 1 and year 2, although effects on social outcomes are weak

Question 19

What does EPPE stand for?

Answer 19

Effective Provision Pre-School Education

Question 20

What are the 6 Principles for how Pre-School interventions could influence outcomes?

Answer 20

1) Development Timing
2) Program intensity
3) Direct
4) Program breadth and flexibility
5) Individual differences
6) Environmental maintenance
Some effects persist into adulthood, some dont

Question 21

Ramey & Campbell (1984) found significant effects persisting into adulthood, but when were the early interventions and how many in this group vs control group?

Answer 21

Intervention was from birth to 5 years, for 57 intervention and 54 controls

Question 22

In Perry Preschool Programme, with 123 disadvantaged African-American kids divided randomly inot pre-school program and no program, what was found?

Answer 22

Sharp rise in programmed group, Less needed treatment from the program group for mental impairments

Question 23

What else was found about the program group?

Answer 23

Graduated from high school on time, had less arrests and welfare, and had $2,000 plus earnings, own home and were graduates

Question 24

What does Head Start do?

Answer 24

Doing things with social environments to enable people to flourish

Question 25

Head Starts are typically _ month, ____-day programme, for _ year olds and families

Answer 25

9, half, 4

Question 26

Head Start started in 1965 as part of War on Poverty, since 1995 turned into Early Head Start, for?

Answer 26

Birth to 3 years

Question 27

What did Lee et al (1988) find about Head Start vs Preschool vs No Preschool?

Answer 27

Greatest 1 year gains in Head Start group for 3 out of 4 outcome measures, however it did not overcome initial poorer performance of head start children, and there were higher gains in black children

Question 28

What were early Head Start effects moderated by?

Answer 28

Qualities of Provision

Question 29

What are Sure Start programmes?

Answer 29

Not starting at a disadvantage

Question 30

Who were Sure Start programmes most beneficial for?

Answer 30

Those who were relatively less disadvantaged, but still in disadvantaged communities e.g. non-teen mothers, higher income etc

Question 31

What is a major issue with Sure Start programmes?

Answer 31

They are not reaching families who most need it, and could have adverse effects for these families

Question 32

Name 2 positive indications of Sure Start?

Answer 32

Less household chaos for 9-month olds, More support in parenting for 36-month-olds