Non-Traditional Families

Question 1

What are the 3 models used for this research?

Answer 1

1) Social Address Model
2) Process-Context Model
3) Person-Process-Context Model

Question 2

What are the differences between social address, process-context, and person-process-context model?

Answer 2

1) is more simplistic, compare mean outcomes based on social situation
2) more advance, looks at the impact of these social situations on family processes
3) most advanced, characteristics of the parent and child are considered as well

Question 3

Name 3 features of Divorce

Answer 3

1) Almost 1/2 occurred in first 10 years of marriage
2) Average age for men 45, for women 42
3) 1 in 7 a result of adultery

Question 4

In Wallestein and Lewis study, what three negative outcomes were there for young children of divorcing parents?

Answer 4

1) Loneliness and fear of abandonment
2) Memories of loss and violence
3) Childhood came to an end

Question 5

In Wallestein and Lewis longitudinal study, what was found about the child’s adult relationships as a result of its parent divorce?

Answer 5

They are affected because the child thinks the same will happen to them, struggles to open up and trust someone

Question 6

How was the parent-child relationship affected in Wallestein and Lewis study?

Answer 6

Discrepancy with separate parents caused stress for the child e.g. seeing one parent happy and moved on but the other one suffering

Question 7

However, children of divorced parents take their parents ___ for granted

Answer 7

Less

Question 8

Name 3 negative outcomes of divorce

Answer 8

1) School performance
2) Mental health and adult well-being
3) Emotional and behavioural problems

Question 9

What did Amato find?

Answer 9

That children of divorced parents had lower mean levels for academic achievement, conduct and psychological adjustment

Question 10

Can also lead to a less smooth running household, with what effects on economic?

Answer 10

Disadvantage, going from 2 incomes to just 1

Question 11

However, Amatos study had a _____ median effect size of ____

Answer 11

Small, .14

Question 12

There were lot of children who’s parents are divorced who had _____ self-esteem than those with normal families

Answer 12

Higher

Question 13

Outline the juxtaposition in the literature

Answer 13

Quantitative studies say that divorce is a risk factor, but the effect size is small. Qualitative studies say its devastating and has big effects

Question 14

Billings and Emery found big differences between children of divorced parents and children of married parents in the following 3 factors

Answer 14

1) Worrying about events with 2 parents
2) Harder childhood
3) Want more time with Mum/Dad

Question 15

State 3 reasons why parents should stay together for the sake of their children

Answer 15

1) Children must travel between 2 worlds
2) Being the only link between parents two worlds is lonely
3) Feel like adults and have to grow up fast

Question 16

What are the 3 main fears of children of lesbian/gay parents?

Answer 16

1) Disturbance in sexuality identity
2) Less psychologically healthy
3) Difficulties in social relationships

Question 17

Surprisingly, there are actually very ___ differences in gender identity, gender role behaviours and sexual orientation

Answer 17

Few

Question 18

Despite the reason for being bullied being different for children of lesbian mothers, they are not _____ likely to get bullied

Answer 18

More

Question 19

What was found about some children of lesbian mothers?

Answer 19

They showed positive and pro-social characteristics

Question 20

What did Golombok find about lesbian mums, single straight mums and mum-dad families?

Answer 20

Mothers psychological state was similar across all groups

Question 21

Mothers in father-absent families expressed more ____

Answer 21

Warmth

Question 22

Lesbians mums showed most ______

Answer 22

Interaction

Question 23

Even though there were no differences for children behavioural problems, what was found about the way children perceived themselves in father absent families?

Answer 23

Less cognitive and physically competent

Question 24

Rivers et al found no differences between lesbians mothers kids and straight mothers kids in peer victim, psychological functioning and social concerns, however lesbian kids were less likely to?

Answer 24

Use school support

Question 25

Lesbian adoptive parents were of _____ social status

Answer 25

Higher

Question 26

Between lesbian mothers, what was found for decision making and household tasks?

Answer 26

There was no significant differences

Question 27

Straight couples were ____ egalitarian

Answer 27

Less

Question 28

Why were biological lesbians less egalitarian?

Answer 28

Because the birth giver is a different kind of mother

Question 29

In a lesbian couple where one woman gave birth and the other didn’t, whats the difference in who the child seeks?

Answer 29

The child seeks the birth mother for feeding, help, if they are sick of afraid etc, but seeks the non-birth mother for rough and tumble

Question 30

In a lesbian adoptive couple, who does the child seek?

Answer 30

There is conflict over who the child seeks here

Question 31

What did Golombok find?

Answer 31

That there were no significant differences identified between lesbian mothers and straight mothers for most of the parenting variables

Question 32

Lesbian mothers reported smacking their children ____

Answer 32

Less

Question 33

Best predictor of childrens behaviour problems?

Answer 33

Parental stress

Question 34

What did O’Connor find about the differences between the adoptive and nonadoptive families?

Answer 34

Adoptive families less likely to divorce than biological families

Question 35

What did Oconnor find about the similarities?

Answer 35

Average age of child at divorce was similar, likelihood of a remarriage was similar in both groups

Question 36

What were Oconnors main findings of biological families?

Answer 36

Children in biological families who saw their parents divorce by the age of 12 had higher rates of behavioural problems and substance use, and lower levels of achievement and social adjustment

Question 37

O’Connor’s main findings for Adoptive families?

Answer 37

The same, except there were no differences in achievement and social adjustment in adoptive families who divorced and families who did not divorce

Question 38

The findings for psychopathology are consistent with an _________ mediated explanation for the association between parents divorce and childrens adjustment

Answer 38

Environmentally

Question 39

However, the findings for achievement and social adjustment are consistent with a _______ mediated explanation

Answer 39

Genetically