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hurvnru0w0cjrlnv > reading 7 > Flashcards

reading 7 Flashcards

1
Q

the ideas that are directly stated in the text

A

Explicit Information

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2
Q

the ideas that are implird or not directly stated

A

Implicit Information

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3
Q

it is the central point or main argument of an author

A

Claim

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4
Q

what are the three types of claim?

A
  • Claim of Fact
  • Claim of Value
  • Claim of Policy
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5
Q
  • can be verified as true or false
  • tells “what is” and “what is not”
  • answers the question “did it happen?” “does it exist?” “is it true?”
  • a well argued claim of fact clearly states the main argument, defines vague and controversial terms
  • it is supported with factual information, testimony and observation
  • it has sufficient, accurate, and recent evidence which are organized emphasize the main argument
A

CLAIM OF FACT

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6
Q
  • refers to evaluative statements that can be qualified
  • asserts which conditions are better, more important or desirable
  • gives an idea of what is good or bad
A

CLAIM OF VALUE

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7
Q

what are the three basis of Claim of Value!

A
  • Philosipical Beliefs
  • Aesthetic Beliefs
  • Moral Standpoint
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8
Q

errors in reasoning it invalidates an argument.

A

Logical Fallacies

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9
Q
  • the truth of the premise is to prove that the truth of the conclusion is certain
  • either valid or invalid
  • solely determined by the structure
A

Deductive Truth

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10
Q
  • the truth of the premise is supposed to prove that the truth of the conclusion is probable
  • either strong or weak
  • it is true if the probability is 50%
A

Inductive Truth

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11
Q
  • Despite the presence of multiple possibilities an arguer presents his/her argument as one of only two options
A

False Dilemma/False Dichotomy

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12
Q
  • just because it is not proven to be false, something is instantly concluded to be true and vice versa
A

Appeal to Ignorance

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13
Q
  • when a series of increasingly superficial and unacceptable consequence is drawn
A

Slippery Slope

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14
Q
  • the reader is expected to either accept or reject both two or more points that are rolled into one at the same time
A

Complex Question

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15
Q
  • to show that the belief is false, there is an unpleasant consequence of believing something
A

Appeal to Consequences

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15
Q
  • instead of reasoning, a threat is used to argue
  • committed when one appeals to force
A

Appeal to Force (Ad Baculum)

15
Q
  • pity is used instead of logical reasoning
  • committed when one appeals to pity cause the acceptance of a conclusion
A

Appeal to Pity (Ad Misericordiam)

16
Q
  • just because it is what the majority thinks, an argument is considered to be valid
A

Bandwagon

16
Q
  • instead of attacking the ideas of the argument, you
    attack the character of the person
A

Appeal to Person (Ad Hominem)

16
Q
  • Occurs when a person is not actually a legitimate
    expert on the subject matter; occurs also when
    you assert your own expertise
A

Appeal to Authority

16
Q
  • The authority in the statement is not mentioned or
    named
A

Anonymous Authority

16
Q
  • The sample is not significant or enough to support
    a generalization about a population
A

Hasty Generalization

16
Q
  • When a writer assumes that two concepts that are
    similar in some ways are also similar in other
    ways
A

False or Weak Analogy

16
Q
  • Even if a general rule should be an exception, it is
    still applied to a situation
A

Accident

16
Q
  • A is the cause of B since event A happened before
    event B
A

Post Hoc

16
Q
  • There is reverse in direction between cause and
    effect
A

Wrong Direction

17
Q
  • even when there are other factors which also contributed to the event, the explanation is reduced to one thing
A

Complex Cause

18
Q
  • The argument which is supposed to prove something concludes something else instead
A

Irrelevant Conclusion

19
Q
  • The position of the opposition is twisted so that it is easier to refute
A

Straw Man

20
Q
  • If argument A is true then argument B is true
A

Affirming the Consequent

21
Q
  • If argument A is not true then argument B is not true
A

Denying the Antecedent

22
Q
  • The arguments contradict one another
A

Inconsistency

23
Q

LOGICAL FALLACIES

A

Statement = Proposition
Reasoning = Argument
Evidence = Premise
Claim = Conclusion

24
Q

LOGICAL ARGUMENTS

A
  • consist of statements
  • begin with the premise
  • end with the conclusion
    _ therefore
    _ hence
    _ in conclusion with

hurvnru0w0cjrlnv (23 decks)

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