reading 7 Flashcards
the ideas that are directly stated in the text
Explicit Information
the ideas that are implird or not directly stated
Implicit Information
it is the central point or main argument of an author
Claim
what are the three types of claim?
- Claim of Fact
- Claim of Value
- Claim of Policy
- can be verified as true or false
- tells “what is” and “what is not”
- answers the question “did it happen?” “does it exist?” “is it true?”
- a well argued claim of fact clearly states the main argument, defines vague and controversial terms
- it is supported with factual information, testimony and observation
- it has sufficient, accurate, and recent evidence which are organized emphasize the main argument
CLAIM OF FACT
- refers to evaluative statements that can be qualified
- asserts which conditions are better, more important or desirable
- gives an idea of what is good or bad
CLAIM OF VALUE
what are the three basis of Claim of Value!
- Philosipical Beliefs
- Aesthetic Beliefs
- Moral Standpoint
errors in reasoning it invalidates an argument.
Logical Fallacies
- the truth of the premise is to prove that the truth of the conclusion is certain
- either valid or invalid
- solely determined by the structure
Deductive Truth
- the truth of the premise is supposed to prove that the truth of the conclusion is probable
- either strong or weak
- it is true if the probability is 50%
Inductive Truth
- Despite the presence of multiple possibilities an arguer presents his/her argument as one of only two options
False Dilemma/False Dichotomy
- just because it is not proven to be false, something is instantly concluded to be true and vice versa
Appeal to Ignorance
- when a series of increasingly superficial and unacceptable consequence is drawn
Slippery Slope
- the reader is expected to either accept or reject both two or more points that are rolled into one at the same time
Complex Question
- to show that the belief is false, there is an unpleasant consequence of believing something
Appeal to Consequences
- instead of reasoning, a threat is used to argue
- committed when one appeals to force
Appeal to Force (Ad Baculum)
- pity is used instead of logical reasoning
- committed when one appeals to pity cause the acceptance of a conclusion
Appeal to Pity (Ad Misericordiam)
- just because it is what the majority thinks, an argument is considered to be valid
Bandwagon
- instead of attacking the ideas of the argument, you
attack the character of the person
Appeal to Person (Ad Hominem)
- Occurs when a person is not actually a legitimate
expert on the subject matter; occurs also when
you assert your own expertise
Appeal to Authority
- The authority in the statement is not mentioned or
named
Anonymous Authority
- The sample is not significant or enough to support
a generalization about a population
Hasty Generalization
- When a writer assumes that two concepts that are
similar in some ways are also similar in other
ways
False or Weak Analogy
- Even if a general rule should be an exception, it is
still applied to a situation
Accident
- A is the cause of B since event A happened before
event B
Post Hoc
- There is reverse in direction between cause and
effect
Wrong Direction
- even when there are other factors which also contributed to the event, the explanation is reduced to one thing
Complex Cause
- The argument which is supposed to prove something concludes something else instead
Irrelevant Conclusion
- The position of the opposition is twisted so that it is easier to refute
Straw Man
- If argument A is true then argument B is true
Affirming the Consequent
- If argument A is not true then argument B is not true
Denying the Antecedent
- The arguments contradict one another
Inconsistency
LOGICAL FALLACIES
Statement = Proposition
Reasoning = Argument
Evidence = Premise
Claim = Conclusion
LOGICAL ARGUMENTS
- consist of statements
- begin with the premise
- end with the conclusion
_ therefore
_ hence
_ in conclusion with
