oral Flashcards
- coined by dell hymes (1966)
- knowledge of syntax, morphology, phonology, and like as well as social knowledges
COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE
form of thinking out loud (self talk)
intrapersonal
involves thinking, concentration, and analysis, daydreaming is considered under this level
INTERNAL DISCOURSE
- speaking aloud to oneself
- what he would want to say to another person, or simply to calm himself down when he is angry or to entertain himself when he is bored
SOLO VOCAL COMMUNICATION
writing one’s thoughts and observations with no intention of having somebody reaf what he has written
ex: a diary and a journal
SOLO WRITTEN COMMUNICATION
communication that takes place between two or among more people
interpersonal
when two people communicating know each other or are independent on one another, normally these people are close like family and friends who know each other
personal
type is where communicator do not really know each other that well, like acquaintances that just met during a social gathering or event.
impersonal
when the communucation calls for a more formal way of talking
formal
opposite of formal
informal
is the type that calls for the persons communicating to be faced each other, that is why it is called as a face to face communication
direct
is one that involves two or more persons communicating minus the immediacy and primary of the situation
indirect
- involves two people
- characterized by intimacy, immediacy, and proximity
- is a process that generally involves two participants, it is a person to person transaction, and is the most common form of speech
dyadic communication
- involves three or more people
- less than twelve
- illustrated as a group that requires a face to face discussion with an objective to accomplish
small group communication
characteristics of interpersonal communucation:
- involves two or more people
- continuous
- face to face
- transactional
- irreversible
- involves verbal and non-verbal cues
- affected by noise
- involves feedback
also known as public speaking is a communication between a speaker and a group of people called the audience in a structured, deliberate manner
public communication
- set of linguistic variants that a person uses that has specific social meanings
- choice of words
speech style
what are the types of speech style?
- intimate
- casual
- consultative
-formal - frozen
- used among family or close friends
- no need for long sentences
- excludes public information
- speakers assumes that the listener knows more or less
intimate
- informal communication
- used in personal communication/conversation
- uses colloquial word
- objective is to give or share information without more background
casual
- most operational
- less planned
- dependent on the response/feedback
- sentences used tend to be shorter
- people tend to repeat some unnecessary words for confirmation
consultant
- most formal style that is used in formal events or ceremonies
- “very” careful words, phrases or sentences that are statements used in parliamentary proceedings
frozen
- makes use of standard speech
- used in formal meeting
- uses low tempo speech, carefully chosen words
- does not repeat unnecessary words because it is planned
formal
an utterance defined in terms of a speaker’s intention and the effect it has on the speaker
speech acts
like eating spaghetti
physical acts
like thinking about eating spaghetti
mental acts
speech act theory, as introduced by oxford philosopher ..
John Langshaw Austin (1962)
parts of speech act
- locution
- illocution
- perlocution
and further developed by american philosopher
John Rogers Searle (1969)
illocution
intention
locution
utterance
perlocution
response
- refers to saying something
- what is said
locutionary act
types of speech act
- locutionary act
- illocutionary act
- perlocutionary act
two types of locutionary act
utterance and propositional act
where a particular reference is made
propositional act
where something is said
utterance act
- the performance of an act in saying something
- what is done in uttering the words
illocutionary act
- directive illocutionary point
- imperative form
command
- negated illocutionary force
- performed conditionally
- conjoined with another illocutionary act
complex illocutionary act
two or more illocutionary acts in one utterance
conjunctive illocutionary act
parts of complex illocutionary act
- conjunctive illocutionary act
- illocutionary conditional
- illocutionary denegation
illocutionary act and a stated condition for the performance of that act
illocutionary condition
expresses the speaker is not performing a particular illocutionary act
illocutionary denegation
- act whether successful or unsuccessful
- the preparatory or sincerity conditions for the act are not met
defective illocution
- straight to the point
- no hidden meaning
direct illocution
- no negated illocutionary force; not performed conditionally
- opposite of complex
elementary illocution
- strong emotion
- sharing of strong emotion
exclamation
- expressing another illocutionary force other than that expressed literally in the utterance
- opposite of direct
- there is another meaning
indirect illocution
- all presuppositions of the preparatory or sincerity conditions for the act are satisfied
- opposite of defective
nondefective illocutionary act
- direct illocutionary point
- interrogative form
questions
some kinds of questions:
- alternative
- tag
- wh
- yes - no questions
- acts refer to speech acts that have an effect on the feelings, thoughts or actions of either the speaker or the listener
- is an action or state of mind brought about by; or as consequence of, saying something which is also know as …
perlocutionary acts
statements that attempt to change the world by representing it as having been changed, christening, marrying, resigning, declaring a war
declaratives
- assertive illocutionary point
- elliptical statement that follows and echoes a main clause statement
- declaring or agreeing
statement
searle (1969) identified five illocutionary/ perlocutionary points:
- assertives/representatives
- directives
- commissives
- expressives
- declaratives
these are statements that may be judged true or false because they aim to describe a state of affairs in the world; affirming believing, concluding, denying, reporting, describing
assertives/representatives
statements that attempts to make the other persons actions fit the propositional content. the speakers try to get their listeners to do something, begging, commanding, requesting, ordering, questioning
directives
the speakers commit themselves to a future course of action, promising, guaranteeing, offering
commissives
the speakers express their feelings, apologizing, welcoming, sympathizing, thanking
expressives
create or define new forms of behavior
constitutive rules or definition rules
govern types of behavior that already exist
regulative or behavior rules
illocutionary act is defined by the type of attitude expressed
- kent bach and michael harnish
bach and harnish illocutionary acts taxonomy
- constatives
- directives
- commissives
- acknowledgements
