Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Gastrointestinal Week 1 2016/17 > READ ME / 1: Structure of the GI tract and motility > Flashcards

READ ME / 1: Structure of the GI tract and motility Flashcards

1
Q

Thanks for using my flashcards, hope you find them useful!

If you spot any errors or have suggestions, please let me know by clicking the speech bubble or sending me a message. It’s really helpful.

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The questions are written using the official Dundee lectures, so you might find it useful to have them open in the background in case you get stuck.

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

I write the questions based on what I think the important facts are, but not everything is relevant. Don’t waste your time learning tiny details.

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

On the other hand, this isn’t everything you need to know - back it up with stuff from tutorials, other people’s questions, Youtube videos, Oxford handbooks etc.

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

There’s a good chance that older decks will be inaccurate (lectures and guidelines change year to year) so I’ll try to update them in the future.

Break a leg 👍

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the purpose of the GI system?

A

Absorb nutrients from food ingested from the external environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is ingested food called once it passes into the stomach and is partially digested?

A

Chyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The small intestine absorbs basic nutrients.

What does the large intestine absorb?

A

Fluids (water) and electrolytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a hormone, apart from insulin and glucagon, produced by the pancreas?

A

Somatostatin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does the exocrine liver produce?

A

Bile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is stored within the gall bladder?

A

Bile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is bile’s function?

A

Fat digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is motility (in terms of the GI tract)?

A

The movement of food down the tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which kind of muscle is most involved in motility?

A

Smooth muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where in the GI tract is skeletal muscle found?

A

Mouth

Pharynx

Upper oesophagus

…

External anal sphincter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

By which process do enzymes digest complex molecules into smaller, absorbable units?

A

Hydrolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How many layers of muscle are found in the muscularis externa?

A

Two

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the two layers of muscle found within the GI tract wall?

A

Muscularis mucosae (on the inside)

Muscularis externa (on the outside)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the two types of muscle found within the muscularis externa?

A

Circular muscle

Longitudinal muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How does circular muscle contraction affect the dimensions of the GI tract?

A

Narrower and longer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How does longitudinal muscle contraction affect the dimensions of the GI tract?

A

Shorter and wider

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the special properties of the muscularis externa in

a) the colon
b) the stomach?

A

a) Longitudinal layer has three bands (teniae coli)

b) Muscularis external has circular, longitudinal AND oblique layers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Which kind of junction connects GI smooth muscle cells?

A

Gap junctions (allows passing of ions –> electrical currents) between each cell

24
Q

Similar to that of the heart, which kind of smooth muscle cells trigger contractions in the GI tract?

A

Pacemaker cells

25
Q

In the GI tract, spontaneous electrical activity occurs as (slow / fast) waves.

A

slow

26
Q

What are the GI tract’s pacemaker cells called?

A

Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs)

27
Q

ICCs are found in both muscle layers of the muscularis externa - what are these muscle layers called?

A

Circular layer

Longitudinal layer

28
Q

Uptake of ions through which channel triggers smooth muscle contraction in the GI tract?

A

Ca2+ channels

29
Q

Efflux of ions through which channel triggers the downstroke of a smooth muscle repolarisation?

A

K+ channels

30
Q

Force of contraction in the digestive tract is related to the (intensity / number) of action potentials.

A

number

31
Q

Some molecules inhibit the contraction of smooth muscle by __ the downstroke, i.e causing hyperpolarisation.

A

abolishing

32
Q

Do all slow waves trigger a contraction of smooth muscle?

A

No - dependent on other stimuli

33
Q

What name is given to the collection of nervous tissue found within the GI tract?

A

Enteric nervous system

34
Q

Nerves of the enteric nervous system tend to join together and form ___.

A

plexuses

35
Q

The enteric nervous system is (extrinsic / intrinsic).

A

intrinsic

36
Q

Which arm of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for regulating GI function?

A

Parasympathetic

37
Q

What does parasympathetic stimulation of the GI tract cause?

A

Increased secretion

Increased blood flow

Increased smooth muscle contraction

to aid in the digestion of food

38
Q

What does parasympathetic stimulation cause in the GI tract?

A

Relaxation of smooth muscle

39
Q

What is the neurotransmitter for parasympathetic preganglionic nerve fibres?

A

Acetylcholine

40
Q

What does sympathetic stimulation cause in GI tract sphincters?

A

Increased tone i.e holds them shut

41
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

Sequential contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle moving food aborrally

42
Q

What stimulus triggers peristalsis?

A

Distension of the gut wall by a bolus

43
Q

What molecules trigger relaxation of smooth muscle?

A

VIP

Nitric oxide

44
Q

What is the name given to the mixing, churning movements of the GI tract which mix lumenal contents together?

A

Segmentation

45
Q

In the muscularis externa, which muscle layer contraction causes segmentation?

A

Circular layer contraction (narrower and longer)

46
Q

Which large contraction, occuring a few times a day, sweeps faeces into the rectum?

A

Colonic mass movement

47
Q

Which sphincter opens to allow swallowing?

A

Upper oesophageal sphincter

48
Q

Which sphincter relaxes to allow food to enter the stomach?

A

Lower oesophageal sphincter

49
Q

Which sphincter opens to allow the passage of chyme from the stomach to the duodenum?

A

Pyloric sphincter

50
Q

Which sphincter regulates flow from the ileum of the small intestine to the caecum of the large intestine?

A

Ileocaecal valve

51
Q

There are two anal sphincters - what are they called?

What is the main difference between them?

A

Internal and external anal sphincters

The external anal sphincter is skeletal - voluntary.

52
Q

The GI tract has 6 sphincters. Divide them into two categories: voluntary and involuntary.

A

Voluntary: Upper oesophageal sphincter, External anal sphincter

Involuntary: Lower oesophageal sphincter, Pyloric sphincter, Ileocaecal valve, Internal anal sphincter

53
Q

Can swallowing be voluntarily stopped once it has started?

A

No - all or nothing reflex

54
Q

Which type of receptor triggers the swallowing reflex?

A

Mechanoreceptors

55
Q

Which structure prevents food from entering the trachea?

A

Epiglottis

56
Q

Which cranial nerve supplies smooth muscle in the oesophagus?

A

Vagus nerve CN X

Gastrointestinal Week 1 2016/17 (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions