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Gastrointestinal Week 1 2016/17 > 13: Anatomy - abdominal pain (covers first dissection) > Flashcards

13: Anatomy - abdominal pain (covers first dissection) Flashcards

1
Q

What hangs off the caecum at the beginning of the large intestine?

A

Appendix

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2
Q

Which organ pushes the right side of the GI tract inferiorly?

A

Liver

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3
Q

Where in the abdominal cavity is the liver found?

A

Right upper quadrant

Right hypochondral / epigastric zone

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4
Q

What are the three areas of the abdomen, named according to their organs’ embryological origin?

A

Foregut

Midgut

Hindgut

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5
Q

What are the two planes which split up the abdominal regions?

A

Subcostal plane

Transtubecular plane

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6
Q

What are the three layers of anterolateral abdominal muscle?

A

External obliques

Internal obliques

Transversus abdominis

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7
Q

What are the “six pack” muscles found in the anterior abdominal wall?

A

Rectus abdominis

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8
Q

The muscles found in the midline of the anterior abdominal wall are the (rectus abdominis / transversus abdominis).

A

rectus abdominis

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9
Q

The muscles found at the deepest layer of the anterolateral abdominal wall are the (rectus abdominis / transversus abdominis).

A

transversus abdominis

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10
Q

What is the contraction of abdominal muscle to prevent injury to internal organs?

A

Guarding

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11
Q

Which inflammatory disease triggers guarding of abdominal muscle?

A

Peritonitis

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12
Q

What causes peritonitis?

A

Blood, pus, faeces in the peritoneal cavity

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13
Q

What is parietal peritoneum?

A

Peritoneum which is in contact with the body wall

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14
Q

What is visceral peritoneum?

A

Peritoneum which invests organ(s)

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15
Q

What name is given to a double layer of visceral peritonum which suspends an organ to the posterior abdominal wall?

A

Mesentery

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16
Q

Which abdominal organs are intraperitoneal?

A

Liver

Gall bladder

Stomach

Spleen

Bits of the small intestine

Transverse colon

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17
Q

Which abdominal organs are retroperitoneal?

A

Kidneys

Adrenal glands

Pancreas

Bits of large intestine

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18
Q

What does mesentery do?

A

Suspends organ to posterior abdominal wall

Blood and nerve supply

Provides mobility

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19
Q

Which double layers of peritoneum pass from the stomach to other organs?

A

Greater and lesser omentum

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20
Q

What joins organs to one another or the body wall (apart from mesentery and omentum)?

A

Ligaments

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21
Q

Which peritoneal formation hangs over the intestines like an apron?

A

Greater omentum

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22
Q

Which aspects of the stomach and large intestine are linked by the greater omentum?

A

Greater curvature of the stomach

Transverse colon

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23
Q

Which peritoneal formation runs between the lesser curvature of the stomach and the liver?

A

Lesser omentum

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24
Q

The lesser omentum has a ___ edge.

A

free

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25
Q

The greater omentum forms the ___ sac.

The lesser omentum forms the ___ sac.

A

greater

lesser

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26
Q

Which hole joins the greater and lesser sacs?

A

Omental foramen / Foramen of Winslow

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27
Q

What blood vessels and nerves lie within the omental foramen?

A

Portal triad

28
Q

Which ligament joins the spleen to the kidneys?

A

Splenorenal ligament

29
Q

Which ligament joins the stomach to the spleen?

A

Gastrosplenic ligament

30
Q

Which ligament joins the liver to the stomach?

A

Hepatogastric ligament

31
Q

Which ligament joins the liver to the duodenum?

A

Hepatoduodenal ligament

32
Q

Which ligament runs along the liver and connects its inferior half to the anterior body wall?

A

Falciform ligament

33
Q

Drapes of peritoneum form ___ in the pelvic cavity.

A

pouches

34
Q

What is ascites?

A

Collection of fluid in the peritoneal cavity

35
Q

Which hepatic diseases can cause ascites?

A

Cirrhosis

Portal hypertension

36
Q

Which procedure would be carried out to drain fluid from the peritoneal cavity?

A

Abdominocentesis

37
Q

What are the characteristics of visceral pain?

A

Dull, achy, nauseating

38
Q

What are the characteristics of somatic pain?

A

Sharp and stabbing

39
Q

What name is given to pain which comes and goes?

What does this kind of pain indicate?

A

Colicky pain

Indicates that there’s something wrong with the GI tract

40
Q

Which arms of the nervous system supply organs within the abdominal cavity?

A

Visceral afferents (sensory nervous for the organs)

Enteric nervous system (GI tract)

Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves

41
Q

What effect does parasympathetic stimulation have on the rate of peristalsis?

A

Increased rate of peristalsis

42
Q

What effect does sympathetic stimulation have on the rate of peristalsis?

A

Decreased rate of peristalsis

43
Q

Which arms of the nervous system supply the skin and parietal peritoneum?

A

Somatic sensory nerves

Somatic motor nerves

Sympathetic nerves

44
Q

Do sympathetic nerve fibres for the abdominal organs synapse in the sympathetic chain like those of the heart and lungs do?

A

No

45
Q

Where do abdominal sympathetic nerves synapse?

A

Prevertebral ganglia

46
Q

How do abdominal sympathetic fibres reach the prevertebral ganglia from the sympathetic chain?

A

Splanchnic nerves

47
Q

Post-synaptic sympathetic nerve fibres hitch a ride with ___ to the abdominal organs.

A

arteries

48
Q

What is special about sympathetic fibres innervating the adrenal gland?

A

They don’t synapse at prevertebral ganglia

Synapse on the gland cells themselves

49
Q

Which parasympathetic nerve innervates the GI tract and abdominal organs up to the end of the transverse colon?

A

CN X

Vagus nerve

50
Q

Vagal trunks (pre-synaptic parasympathetic nerve fibres) travel on the surface of which structure before reaching the periarterial plexuses?

A

Oesophagus

51
Q

Where are parasympathetic ganglia found?

A

Walls of abdominal organs

52
Q

Which parasympathetic nerves supply the descending colon up to the anal canal?

Which spinal nerves are these nerves part of?

A

Pelvic splanhnic nerves

S2, 3, 4

53
Q

Where does foregut-related abdominal pain present?

A

Epigastric region

54
Q

Epigastric pain relates to problems in which area of the GI tract?

A

Foregut

55
Q

Where does midgut-related abdominal pain present?

A

Umbilical region

56
Q

Umbilical pain relates to problems in which area of the GI tract?

A

Midgut

57
Q

Hindgut-related abdominal pain tends to present in which abdominal region?

A

Hypogastric / pubic region

58
Q

Pubic pain may relate to problems in which area of the GI tract?

A

Hindgut

59
Q

What are visceral afferent nerve fibres also known as?

A

Pain fibres

60
Q

Visceral afferents run alongside ___ fibres back to the spinal cord.

A

sympathetic

61
Q

Why is pain from abdominal organs felt at the level where nerve fibres enter the spinal cord?

A

Visceral afferents and sympathetics“plug in” at the same level of spinal cord - pain is REFERRED to the dermatome of the spinal nerve

62
Q

Why is pain from appendicitis initially dull and aching before it becomes sharp in the right inguinal region?

A

Appendix is MIDGUT –> pain is felt in Umbilical region

But as condition worsens it irritates parietal peritoneum (somatic) in the right iliac fossa – pain changes

63
Q

Where can stomach pain be referred?

A

Back

64
Q

Where can liver and gall bladder pain be referred?

A

Right shoulder

65
Q

Where can pancreatic pain be referred?

A

Back

commonly

66
Q

What is the classical presentation of appendicitis?

A

Dull, achey pain in umbilical region

THEN

Sharp, stabbing pain in right iliac fossa

Gastrointestinal Week 1 2016/17 (13 decks)

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