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Gastrointestinal Week 1 2016/17 > 3: Salivary and gastric secretion, gastric motility > Flashcards

3: Salivary and gastric secretion, gastric motility Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three pairs of major salivary glands?

A

Parotid glands

Submandibular glands

Sublingual glands

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2
Q

Which salivary gland produces thick, viscous mucous?

A

Sublingual glands

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3
Q

What is a functional unit of a salivary gland?

A

Salivon

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4
Q

Salivary glands secrete saliva via a system of ___.

A

ducts

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5
Q

Which type of cell within a salivon produces the saliva before it is secreted through ducts?

A

Acinus (acinar cell)

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6
Q

What are the two types of acinar (excretory) cells found in a salivon?

A

Serous cells

Mucous cells

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7
Q

What enzyme is found in the watery excretions of serous cells?

A

Alpha amylase

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8
Q

What is produced by mucous cells?

A

Thicker mucous

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9
Q

What is the purpose of lysozymes?

A

Break down the cell walls of bacteria

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10
Q

Water and mucus ___ the oral cavity, allowing speech and swallowing.

A

lubricates

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11
Q

Is the oral cavity alkaline or acidic?

Why?

A

Alkaline

Saliva contains bicarbonate ions

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12
Q

Saliva contains high levels of Ca2+ - what does this serve to protect?

A

Tooth enamel

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13
Q

The protective aspects of saliva serve to kill ___.

A

bacteria

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14
Q

Alpha amylase from the saliva can continue to digest the food for over ___ minutes.

A

30

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15
Q

What deactivates amylase once it has reached the stomach?

A

Hydrochloric acid

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16
Q

Saliva is produced in a greater volume before emesis - what is emesis?

A

Vomiting

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17
Q

In which cells of a salivary gland does secretion of saliva occur?

In which cells does modification occur?

A

Acinar cells

Duct cells

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18
Q

What is the unconditional salivary reflex?

A

Secretion of saliva triggered by the presence of food in the mouth

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19
Q

Which receptors trigger the unconditional salivary reflex?

A

Chemoreceptors

Mechanoreceptors

detecting the presence of food and the chemicals in it

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20
Q

What is the conditional salivary reflex?

A

Increase in secretion caused by thinking about, smelling, seeing or hearing about food

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21
Q

The conditional salivary reflex is (inherent / learned).

A

learned

22
Q

Which cranial nerves are involved in saliva secretion?

A

CN VII and IX

Facial nerve and Glossopharyngeal nerve

23
Q

Which arm of the ANS causes the secretion of a large volume of watery, enzyme-rich saliva?

A

Parasympathetic

24
Q

When does parasympathetic secretion of saliva occur?

A

Normal resting conditions

25
Q

Which arm of the ANS causes the secretion of thick, viscous saliva?

A

Sympathetic

26
Q

When does sympathetic secretion of saliva occur?

A

Times of stress

27
Q

What is ingested food called once it has been mixed with gastric secretions in the stomach?

A

Chyme

28
Q

In the first 30 minutes after a meal, chyme is moved to the ___ of the stomach by peristalsis.

A

antrum

29
Q

Which sphincter separates the stomach from the duodenum?

A

Pyloric sphincter

30
Q

Gastric mucosa is resistant to ___ but damaged by ___.

A

acid

bile

31
Q

Regurgitation of bile through the pyloric sphincter can cause peptic ___.

A

ulcers

32
Q

Stomach emptying is determined by the __ and __ of the chyme.

A

volume

consistency

33
Q

Volume and consistency of chyme influence how ___ the stomach becomes after a meal.

A

distended

34
Q

By which two means does the duodenum control when chyme is passed to it from the stomach?

A

Neuronal means

Hormonal means

35
Q

In which area of the stomach are pyloric glands found?

A

Antrum

36
Q

Gastrin and somatostatin are two hormones released by the pyloric glands - what do they do?

A

Gastrin stimulates HCl secretion

Somatostatin inhibits HCl secretion

37
Q

From which pyloric gland cell is gastrin released?

From which pyloric gland cell is somatostatin released?

A

Gastrin is released from G cells (easy enough)

Somatostatin is released from D cells (just because)

38
Q

In which areas of the stomach is oxyntic mucosa found?

A

Fundus

Body

39
Q

Which oxyntic mucosa cells secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor?

A

Parietal cells

40
Q

What does intrinsic factor do?

A

Binds to Vitamin B12 to facilitate its digestion later

41
Q

What is released by Chief cells in the oxyntic mucosa?

A

Pepsinogen

(precursor to pepsin which is activated by HCl)

42
Q

Which enzyme is important in the secretion of hydrochloric acid from gastric parietal cells in the oxyntic mucosa?

A

Carbonic anhydrase

43
Q

Which signal molecule is the strongest agonist for hydrogen ion secretion?

A

Histamine

44
Q

What effects do

a) PPIs (e.g omeprazole)
b) prostaglandins
c) muscarinic antagonists
d) H2 antagonists

have on the secretion of HCl by parietal cells?

A

a) PPIs = DECREASE

b) Prostaglandins = DECREASE

c) MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS = DECREASE

d) H2 ANTAGONISTS = DECREASE

45
Q

What are some classes of drugs which influence acid secretion?

A

NSAIDs like aspirin

Proton-pump inhibitors - e.g omeprazole

Histamine receptor antagonists

Muscarinic receptor antagonists

46
Q

What is a gastric side-effect of NSAIDs (e.g aspirin)?

A

Peptic ulcers

47
Q

Why do NSAIDS cause peptic ulcers?

A

Impair prostaglandins (which reduce HCl secretion) and other mechanisms of mucosal protection

Allowing digestion of epithelium by HCl and pepsin

48
Q

Which bacteria is associated with peptic ulcers?

A

H. pylori

49
Q

Proton-pump inhibitors (increase / reduce) gastric secretion.

Give an example of a PPI.

A

reduce

omeprazole

50
Q

What is an example of a histamine receptor antagonist which reduces gastric secretion of HCl?

A

Ranitidine

Gastrointestinal Week 1 2016/17 (13 decks)

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