Reactions, Impacts, and Advancements of the Industrial Revolution Flashcards
Where did the Industrial Revolution begin?
England
Why did the Industrial Revolution start in England?
Natural resources, new technologies, population growth
What was the fencing off of land for private property?
The Enclosure Movement
What process heats up liquids to remove harmful bacteria?
pasteurization
What new technology led to an increase of slavery?
the cotton gin
Who invented the spinning jenny?
James Hargreaves
What did the spinning jenny do?
spun cotton
What led to the demise of the cottage industry?
the rise of factories
Who created the steam engine?
James Watt
Who created the cotton gin?
Eli Whitney
Who created the process for making steel?
Henry Bessemer
Who developed the smallpox vaccination?
Edward Jenner
Who discovered bacteria?
Louis Pasteur
What city was the largest by 1891?
Liverpool
What does suffrage mean?
the right to vote
Who created the flying shuttle?
John Kay
What two countries outlawed the slave trade and then slavery?
United States and Britain
What were 4 social effects of the Industrial Revolution?
- Women and children entering the workplace as cheap labor
- Introduction of reforms to end child labor
- Expansion of education
- Women’s increased demands for suffrage
Who wrote Wealth of Nations?
Adam Smith
Who is the Father of Capitalism?
Adam Smith
- Impact on standard of living and the growth of the middle class
- Dissatisfaction with poor working conditions and the unequal distribution of wealth in society
Capitalism
Who wrote Communist Manifesto?
Karl Marx
- Response to the injustices of capitalism
- Importance of redistribution of wealth to the communists
Socialism and Communism
What were the reactions to the Industrial Revolution?
- Slavery abolished in the British Empire
- Growth of the Middle Class
- Dissatisfaction of working class with work conditions
- New economic and political ideas formed as a reaction to capitalism
What year did Britain abolish slavery?
1833
Before the Industrial Revolution, what were the two social classes?
aristocrats and commoners
What were the “Nouveau Riche”?
- Owned factories, mines, railroads
- Some were merchants, shopkeepers, accountants who had left working class
- “Rags to riches”
- Could afford amenities like furniture and fine clothing
- Aimed to educate their children so that their social standing would be maintained or rise with the next generation
- Many came from farm families
- Poop working/living conditions
- Tenements-crowded apartment buildings
- Men competed with women and children for wages
- Child labor kept costs of production low and profits high for factory owners
Industrial Working Class
- 14 hour shifts
- Fatal accidents
- Poor wages
- Disease
- No compensation for accidents
- Cruel discipline and intimidation
- Fines
Working conditions remained poor
The Rise of…
- Encouraged worker-organized strikes to demand increased wages and improved working conditions
- Lobbied for laws to improve the lives of workers, including women and children
- Wanted workers’ right and collective bargaining between labor and management
The Rise of Labor Unions
What new social class emerged during the Industrial Revolution?
The Industrial Middle Class
What did labor unions seek to accomplish?
- increase workers’ wages
- collective bargaining rights
- redistribution of wealth
Labor unions collectively sought negotiations between labor and management for better working conditions and higher pay using…
collective bargaining
Rests on the idea that markets produce what consumers want to buy (a good or service)
capitalism
What does “laissez-faire” mean?
Government should keep its “hands off” of business
What allows greed without any government involvement?
free market
What were the effects of capitalism on society?
- Improved the standard of living for most
- Dissatisfaction rose within the working class
- Saw bosses getting more wealthy, while wages remained low
- People began to desire a more equal distribution of wealth in society
- Haves/Have-Nots vs/ Equality
What is an economic system based on the common ownership of property?
socialism
What advocates that the means of producing wealth should be shared by the community as a whole, not private individuals?
socialism
Who is the Father of Socialism?
Karl Marx
Socialism is a transition toward…
communism
What is the process of forming collectives or collective communities where property and resources are?
collectivization
Who wrote “Das Kapital” and “The Communist Manifesto”?
Karl Marx
What economic system allows a country’s trade and industry to be controlled by private individuals?
capitalism
What economic system believes that the government should take a “hands off” approach to the economy?
capitalism
What economic system advocates that all means of production should be shared among a community?
socialism
What is an economic system in which all means of production are owned by the people, private property does not exist?
communism
- All goods and services are shared equally
- A centralized government conducts a planned economy rules by the working class
communism
What are the countries that have tried communism? (10)
- Russia
- China
- North Korea
- Cuba
- Great Britain
- France
- Greece
- Sweden
- Venezuela
- United States
- more and younger marriages
- rising births and falling deaths
- improved agriculture brought healthier diets
population increase
What is mass migration of people from rural areas to cities? (rapid growth of cities due to industrial demand of workers?)
urbanization
What invention most directly effected the way people traveled?
locomotive
What did women demand?
- suffrage
- equal pay
- equal rights
What most directly caused urbanization?
improved transportation
No incentives to work and no innovation are criticisms of which economic system?
capitalism
In a capitalist society, who owns the means of production?
the bourgeoisie
Which economic theory emphasizes that the means of production should be shared equally as a community?
socialism
