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A LEVEL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY > Reaction pathways > Flashcards

Reaction pathways Flashcards

1
Q

Alkane to Haloalkane
DRAW

A

reagent: halogen
conditions: UV radiation
mechanism: radical substitution

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2
Q

Alkene to haloalkane
DRAW

A

Reagent: hydrogen halide / halogen
Mechanism: electrophilic addition

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3
Q

Alkene to alcohol

A

Reagent: steam
Conditions: H3PO4, heat, high pressure
Mechanism: hydration

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4
Q

Alcohol to ketone

A

Reagents: secondary alcohol/ K2Cr2O7
Conditions: c.H2SO4, distillation
Observations: orange to dark green
Mechanism: oxidation

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5
Q

Alcohol to aldehyde

A

Reagents: primary alcohol/ K2Cr2O7
Conditions: c.H2SO4, distillation
Observations: orange to dark green
Mechanism: oxidation

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6
Q

Alcohol to carboxylic acid

A

Reagents: primary alcohol/ K2Cr2O7
Conditions: c.H2SO4, reflux
Observations: orange to dark green
Mechanism: oxidation

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7
Q

Alcohol to alkene

A

Reagents: c. H3PO4
Conditions: reflux, heat
Mechanism: elimination/ dehydration

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8
Q

Alcohol to haloalkane
DRAW

A

Reagents: NaBr
Conditions: H2SO4
Mechanisms: nucleophilic substitution
Side product: H2O

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9
Q

Alcohol to ester (1)

A

Reagents: carboxylic acid
Conditions: c. H2SO4
Mechanism: esterification
Side product: H2O

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10
Q

Alcohol to ester(2)

A

Reagents: acid anhydride Mechanism: esterification
Side product: carboxylic acid

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11
Q

Haloalkane to alcohol
DRAW

A

Reagent: NaOH(aq)
Conditions: H2O, heat, reflux
Mechanism: nucleophilic substitution
Side product: hydrogen halide

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12
Q

Haloalkane to amine
DRAW

A

Reagents: NH3(g)
Conditions: ethanol
Side products: HX
Mechanism: nucleophilic substitution

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13
Q

Benzene to nitrobenzene
DRAW

A

Reagents: HNO3
Conditions: c.H2SO4, 55°C
Mechanism: electrophilic substitution / nitration

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14
Q

Benzene to halo-benzene
DRAW

A

Reagents: X2
Conditions: AlX3(s), reflux
Mechanism: electrophilic substitution / halogenation

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15
Q

Benzene to alkyl-benzene
DRAW

A

Reagents: alkyl chloride
Conditions: AlCl3
Mechanism: electrophilic substitution / alkylation

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16
Q

Benzene to acyl-benzene
DRAW

A

Reagents: acyl chloride
Conditions: AlCl3
Mechanism: electrophilic substitution / acylation

17
Q

Phenol to sodium phenoxide

A

Reagents: NaOH / Na
Side products: H2O / H2

18
Q

Phenol to 2-nitrophenol or 4-nitrophenol

A

Reagents: dilute HNO3
Mechanism: electrophilic substitution/ nitration

19
Q

Phenol to 2,4,6-nitrophenol

A

Reagents: c.HNO3
Mechanism: electrophilic substitution/ nitration

20
Q

Phenol to 2,4,6 tribromophenol

A

Reagents: 3Br2
Side products: 3HBr
Observations: decolourises, produces white solid
Mechanism: electrophilic substitution/ bromination

21
Q

Nitrobenzene to phenylamine

A

Reagent: Sn
Conditions: HCl
Mechanism: reduction

22
Q

Carbonyl to alcohol
DRAW

A

Reagents: NaBH4
Conditions: aqueous (H2O)
Mechanism: reduction/ nucleophilic addition

23
Q

Carbonyl to 2-hydroxynitrile
DRAW

A

Reagent: KCN/ H+
Mechanism: nucleophilic addition

24
Q

Aldehyde to carboxylic acid

A

Reagent: K2Cr2O7/ c.H2SO4
Conditions: warm
Mechanism: oxidation
Observation: orange to green

25
Q

Carboxylic acid to salt

A

Reagents: NaOH(aq)
Mechanism: neutralisation
Side product: H2O(l)

26
Q

Carboxylic acid to acyl halides

A

Reagent: SOCl2(l)
Conditions: anhydrous
Mechanism: nucleophilic substitution
Side product: SO2(g), HCl(g)

27
Q

Ester to carboxylic acid (1)

A

Reagents: H2O
Conditions: c. H2SO4, heat
Mechanism: acid-hydrolysis

28
Q

Ester to carboxylic acid (2)

A

Reagents: NaOH
Conditions: heat, aqueous
Product: carboxylate salt and alcohol
Mechanism: base-hydrolysis

29
Q

Acyl chloride to alcohol

A

Reagents: H2O

30
Q

Acyl chloride to amine

A

Reagents: NH3

31
Q

Acyl chloride to amide

A

Reagents: amine

32
Q

Nitrile to amine (1)

A

Reagent: H2(g)
Conditions: Ni
Mechanism: reduction

33
Q

Amine to salt

A

Reagent: acid
Side product: water
Mechanism: neutralisation

34
Q

Amide to carboxylic acid

A

Reagent: H2O
Conditions: HCl(aq), heat
Side product: NH4+Cl-
Mechanism: hydrolysis

35
Q

Amide to salt

A

Reagent: NaOH
Conditions: aqueous
Side product: salt + NH3(g)
Mechanism: hydrolysis

36
Q

Nitrile to carboxylic acid

A

Reagents: H2O
Conditions: H+
Side product: NH4+
Mechanism: hydrolysis

A LEVEL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (14 decks)

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