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A LEVEL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY > Haloalkane > Flashcards

Haloalkane Flashcards

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1
Q

Reactivity of primary-tertiary haloalkane

A
  1. C-X bond in tertiary is weakest
  2. tertiary is most reactive
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2
Q

Nucleophile

A
  1. ion or molecule
  2. electron pair donor
  3. forms new covalent bond
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3
Q

Haloalkane to alcohol

A

Reagent: NaOH(aq)
Conditions: H2O, heat, reflux
Mechanism: nucleophilic substitution
Side product: hydrogen halide

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4
Q

Halogen test

A
  1. Add NaOH(aq)
  2. neutralise with HNO3
  3. Add AgNO3
  4. precipitate is added
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5
Q

AgCl (s)

A

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6
Q

AgBr

A

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7
Q

AgI

A

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8
Q

Haloalkane rates test

A
  1. Add H20 and AgNO3(aq)
  2. heat in water bath 60°C
  3. add ethanol
  4. monitor rate of precipitate appearing
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9
Q

Bond strength of C-X bonds

A
  1. bond enthalpy decreases down the group
  2. less energy to overcome
  3. reacts fastest
  4. quickest rate of hydrolysis
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10
Q

Mechanism of chlorine radicals

A

CF2Cl2 → CF2Cl* + *Cl
*Cl + O3 → *ClO + O2
*ClO + O → *Cl + O2

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11
Q

Disadvantage of chlorofluorocarbons

A
  1. form chlorine radicals
  2. reacts with ozone
  3. decreases absorption of UV from sun
  4. increased global warming
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12
Q

Advantage of HCFC

A
  1. less stable
  2. more likely to break down before reaching ozone
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13
Q

Use of CFC

A
  1. air conditioning
  2. refrigeration
  3. aerosols
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14
Q

CFC benefits

A
  1. liquid
  2. readily evaporated
  3. non-flammable
  4. unreactive
  5. non-toxic
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15
Q

Mechanism of NO radicals

A

*NO + O3 → *NO2 + O2
*NO2 + O → *NO + O2

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16
Q

Net reaction of ozone layer destruction

A

O3 + O -> 2O2
-NO and Cl act as catalyst

17
Q

Production of NO

A
  1. thunderstorms
  2. combustion engines
  3. aircraft exhaust gases
18
Q

Still concerns about ozone depletion

A
  1. CFCs take many years to reach ozone layer
  2. CFCs still being used
  3. other ozone depleting substances
19
Q

Formation of NO

A

N2(g) + O2(g) -> 2NO(g)

20
Q

Haloalkane to amine

A

Reagents: NH3(g)
Conditions: ethanol
Side products: HX
Mechanism: nucleophilic substitution

21
Q

Haloalkane to ammonium salt

A

Reagents: excess NH3(g)

22
Q

Haloalkane to nitrile

A

Reagent: NaCN
Conditions: ethanol
Mechanism: nucleophilic substitution

23
Q

Haloalkane to nitrile

A

Reagent: NaCN
Conditions: ethanol
Mechanism: electrophilic substitution

A LEVEL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (14 decks)

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