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A LEVEL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY > Alkenes > Flashcards

Alkenes Flashcards

1
Q

Unsaturated molecules

A
  1. C=C
  2. contains one or more double bonds
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2
Q

Alkene vs alkane boiling point

A
  1. less surface contact than alkanes
  2. less induced dipole-dipole forces
  3. lower boiling point
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3
Q

Sigma bond

A
  1. single covalent bond
  2. shared pair of electrons
  3. electron density concentrated between two nuclei
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4
Q

Pi bond

A
  1. sideways overlap of two p-orbitals
  2. between adjacent carbon atoms
  3. provides one electron each
  4. weaker than sigma
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5
Q

C=C bond

A
  1. trigonal planar
  2. 120 degrees
  3. three paired electrons
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6
Q

Sterioisomerism

A
  1. same molecular and structural formula
  2. different 3D spatial arrangement
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7
Q

Reasons for sterioisomerism

A
  1. restricted rotation of C=C double bond
  2. different 3D arrangement of R groups
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8
Q

Solubility

A

insoluble in water

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9
Q

CIP rules E isomer

A
  1. two attached atoms with highest atomic number
  2. diagonally opposite side of double bond
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10
Q

CIP rules Z isomer

A
  1. two attached atoms with highest atomic number
  2. not diagonally opposite side of double bond
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11
Q

Alkene to alkane

A

Reagent: hydrogen
Conditions: nickel, heat
Mechanism: hydrogenation/ addition

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12
Q

Alkene test

A

Reagent: orange bromine water
Observations: decolourisation

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13
Q

Alkene to haloalkane

A

Reagent: hydrogen halide / halogen
Mechanism: electrophilic addition

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14
Q

Alkene to alcohol

A

Reagent: steam
Conditions: H3PO4, heat, high pressure
Mechanism: hydration

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15
Q

Electrophile

A
  1. electron pair acceptor
  2. attracted to electron dense regions
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16
Q

Heterolytic fission

A
  1. molecule moves to alkene
  2. induced dipole
  3. heterolytic fission
  4. become electrophile
17
Q

Markownikoff’s rule

A
  1. addent goes to least hydrogenated C
  2. other than hydrogen
  3. forms more stable carbocation
18
Q

Polymer properties

A

1.non-biodegradable
2. resistant to chemical attack
3. not broken down by bacteria

19
Q

Benefits of processing waste polymers

A
  1. combustion for energy production
  2. organic feedstock for production of new polymers
  3. cracking
20
Q

Benefits of biodegradable

A
  1. has active functional group that can be attacked by bacteria
  2. sustainable and doesn’t use finite resources
21
Q

Incineration

A
  1. toxic fumes produced
  2. use gas scrubbers
  3. produces energy
  4. saves landfill sites
22
Q

Feedstock

A

waste can produces other organic compounds

23
Q

Recycling disadvanatge

A
  1. high collection cost
  2. lots of different polymers must be separated

A LEVEL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (14 decks)

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