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Hematology > RBCs (Exams 1-2) > Flashcards

RBCs (Exams 1-2) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the average size of RBCs?

A

8 um

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2
Q

What are normal physical characteristics of RBCs?

A

1/3 central pallor (pale center) | highly negative charged | disc-shaped with bi-concavity

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3
Q

What function does the negative-charge characteristic of RBCs serve as?

A

prevents clumping with each other = will not clot in vessels

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4
Q

What function does the bi-concavity characteristic of RBCs serve as?

A

allows for easy flow in capillaries

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5
Q

What characteristics do old RBCs have?

A

round shaped (no bi-concavity) | less negative charge | metabolism decreases

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6
Q

Are RBCs supposed to be nucleated or not? Where and/or when would they be nucleated?

A

nucleated when in the bone marrow or when they are not normal = indicates disease (such as anemia) | nucleus is removed once RBC matures

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7
Q

Why are RBCs safe to transfuse?

A

does not proliferate because not nucleated

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8
Q

What are the 5 types of anemia?

A

pernicious | hemolytic | sickle cell | thalassemia | polycythemia

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9
Q

What is polycythemia?

A

too many RBCs

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10
Q

Where does erythropoiesis mostly occur?

A

always in BM

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11
Q

What are the 6 stages of erythropoiesis?

A

rubriblast > prorubricyte > rubricyte > metarubicyte > reticulocyte > erythrocyte

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12
Q

What stage(s) of erythropoiesis is the chromatin fine?

A

rubriblast and prorubricyte

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13
Q

What stage(s) of erythropoiesis does the chromatin begin to condense?

A

rubricyte

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14
Q

What stage(s) of erythropoiesis does the nucleus get spit out?

A

metarubricyte

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15
Q

Why is having nucleated RBCs not good in circulation?

A

not much Hb = cannot carry O2 well

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16
Q

What stage(s) of erythropoiesis is the Hb produced?

A

reticulocyte

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17
Q

What are characteristics of reticulocytes?

A

bigger than RBC | can be in circulation | contains some basophilic stippling | no nucleus

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18
Q

What do reticulocytes in circulation indicate?

A

BM is hyperplastic and M.E ratio is low | body compensating for lost of RBCs

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19
Q

What occurs if there are nucleated RBCs in circulation? Why does this happen? What organ is affected first?

A

leads to hypoxia because have no Hb = they are not good O2 carriers | brain is first affected

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20
Q

What is the lifespan of RBCs?

A

~120 days

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21
Q

What are the granules seen in reticulocytes?

A

ribosomes and RNA needed to code and produce Hb

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22
Q

What is the function of reticulocytes?

A

produce Hb

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23
Q

What will happen to the RNA and ribosomal products once it matures into the full erythrocyte?

A

will get disintegrated

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24
Q

What aspect of RBC (other can chromatin, shape, nucleus, and size) can determine the maturity of the RBC?

A

color (blue/blue-ish = not 100% mature)

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25
Q

What dye does the Hb pick up when stained?

A

eosin

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26
Q

What are the 5 differences reticulocytes have that RBCs don’t?

A

lipid synthesis | RNA present | Hb synthesis | protein synthesis | mitochondria and metabolism

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27
Q

What is the negative charge on RBCs called?

A

zeta potential

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28
Q

Why or how is it possible for the shapes of RBCs to change?

A

cell membrane = very malleable since the inside content of RBCs is mostly water

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29
Q

How can an RBC become an echinocyte? Is this reversible or irreversible?

A

when the RBC is subjected under high salt concentration = water will come out due to salt concentration gradient | reversible, just make solution isotonic

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30
Q

What is an echinocyte also called (2 other terms)?

A

Burr cell | crenated cell

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31
Q

Other than being created, how will RBCs in hypertonic solution interact with other RBCs and why?

A

will stack up because salt (or protein) is neutralizing the (-) charge on RBC

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32
Q

Will you see agglutination in a patient with extreme diarrhea? Why or why not?

A

Yes since there’s a lot of proteins in the plasma due to extreme loss of water = plasma is hypertonic

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33
Q

What is anisocytosis?

A

RBC size not normal

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34
Q

Why is it important to know the Hb content in RBCs?

A

will dictate the O2 carrying capacity | low Hb = not good O2 carrying capacity

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35
Q

What is poikilocytosis?

A

RBC shape is different, not normal

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36
Q

What is poikilocytosis due to?

A

irreversible alternation of the RBC cell membrane

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37
Q

What is required for an RBC to maintain its normal shape?

A

ratio of proteins and carbohydrates need to be equal

38
Q

What is basophilic stippling?

A

fine or aggregated blue granules in RBC; indicates immaturity of cell

39
Q

What are the aggregates seen in basophilic stippling?

A

ribosomes, mitochondria, RNA

40
Q

What stain is used to detect basophilic stippling?

A

Wright stain

41
Q

What are Pappenheimer bodies?

A

coarse blue iron granules (siderotic granules)

42
Q

What stain is used to detect Pappenheimer bodies?

A

Prussian blue

43
Q

What are Howell-Jolly bodies?

A

purple mass = nuclear remnants containing chromosomes

44
Q

What stain is used to detect Howell-Jolly bodies?

A

Wright stain

45
Q

What are Heinz bodies?

A

purple mass of denatured Hb

46
Q

What can cause Heinz bodies to form?

A

plasma pH | infection | RBC not functioning right | diseases and malignancies

47
Q

What stain is used to detect Heinz bodies?

A

crystal violet or new methylene blue stain | doesn’t stain with Wright

48
Q

What are Cabot Rings?

A

thread-like structure in oval shape or “8” | remnants of microtubules

49
Q

What stain is used to detect Cabot Rings?

A

Wright stain

50
Q

What is normachromia?

A

1/3 central pallor | heavy HB concentration at the periphery of the cell

51
Q

What is hypochromia?

A

central pallor = bigger than 1/3

52
Q

What is hyperchromia?

A

RBC saturated with Hb

53
Q

What is Rouleaux formation?

A

RBCs become aligned in aggregates which resembles stacks of coins

54
Q

What is autoagglutination?

A

RBCs may be present in aggregates varying in sizes

55
Q

What are the ABO antibodies found in the serum of group O individuals?

A

anti-A and anti-B antibodies

56
Q

What class of antibodies are in group O individuals?

A

IgG

57
Q

What is a significant characteristic of IgG antibodies?

A

can readily cross the placenta

58
Q

What are natural antibodies?

A

ones we produce due to exposure to antigens

59
Q

What are the 2 ways to type blood?

A

direct and indirect

60
Q

What is direct typing of blood?

A

detecting the antigen on the surface of RBC

61
Q

What is indirect typing of blood?

A

(aka: reverse typing) | obtain the serum to detect antibody circulating in the patient

62
Q

Is ABO genotype co-dominant, dominant/recessive, or incomplete dominant?

A

co-dominant

63
Q

What is the nature of the ABO antigens on RBCs?

A

carbohydrates

64
Q

What is the nature of the Rh antigens on RBCs?

A

proteins

65
Q

Which (proteins or carbohydrates) are immunogenic? What does immunogenic mean?

A

protein | stimulates production of Abs

66
Q

Why will a patient immediately die with mismatched ABO transfusion?

A

antibody against ABO is already circulating by the time of transfusion = immune system ready to attack and lyse foreign RBCs

67
Q

Why won’t a patient die immediately with mismatched Rh factor blood transfusion?

A

no existing antibodies against Rh factor at the time of transfusion | 2-3 weeks until Abs against Rh factor are made

68
Q

What do the ABO alleles encode for? What does the protein do?

A

transferases = enzyme that puts carbohydrate ABO antigen onto RBC

69
Q

Do group O individuals have transferases? Why or why not?

A

no | only A and B antigens have transferases

70
Q

How many subsets does the “A” allele have?

A

2 | A1 and A2

71
Q

What are the only 2 times when we produce irregular antibodies?

A

pregnancy and blood transfusion

72
Q

What are irregular antibodies?

A

antibodies that are not expected to be present in the blood | presence due to previous exposure to foreign antigen

73
Q

Why do pregnant women produce irregular antibodies?

A

fetus is carrying dad’s ABO antigen = mom’s immune system is exposed to it = makes antibodies against it

74
Q

How is the Rh-factor represented in blood typing?

A

by + or - = presence or absence of D-antigen

75
Q

Which blood group antigens do normal flora carry?

A

only ABO, not Rh-hr

76
Q

What are the 4 major allelic genes of the ABO antigens?

A

A1, A2, B, O

77
Q

What are the natural antibodies group A individuals carry?

A

IgM anti-B Abs

78
Q

What are the natural antibodies group B individuals carry?

A

IgM anti-A Abs

79
Q

When do newborns begin to have natural antibodies? Why?

A

between 3-6 months post-birth | need to be exposed to foreign antigen

80
Q

At what temp does IgG react best at? Does it cross the placenta?

A

37ºC (body temp) | crosses placenta

81
Q

At what temp does IgM react best at? Does it cross the placenta?

A

21ºC (room temp) | can NOT cross placenta

82
Q

Which mother’s blood type O, A, or B would be worse off for a fetus and why?

A

Type O mom = has both anti-A and anti-B IgG Abs that can readily cross the placenta

83
Q

What is the only way to blood type a newborn if you could not detect both anti-A and anti-B antibodies?

A

Abs not yet detected because it takes time | can predict blood type based on parents’ blood type

84
Q

If one detects IgM Abs, is this natural or irregular Ab?

A

irregular

85
Q

What is another way besides blood transfusion and being pregnant that one can produce irregular antibodies?

A

organ transplants

86
Q

What are the 3 loci of the Rh-hr blood group system?

A

C, D, E | co-dominant

87
Q

Which Rh-hr detriment does not have an antibody against it?

A

d - does not have anti-d Abs

88
Q

What are antithetical genes?

A

if one allele is not expressed (ie: C) then the one is likely expressed (ie: c)

89
Q

What are the 2 major naming systems in use for rh-hr?

A

Fisher-Race | Weiner

90
Q

How can you get rid of WBCs prior to transfusion?

A

irradiation = targets nucleus

Hematology (20 decks)

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