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Hematology > Leukemia and Lymphoma (Exam 3) > Flashcards

Leukemia and Lymphoma (Exam 3) Flashcards

1
Q

What is leukemia?

A

blood cancer = uncontrolled proliferation of a cell line (monoclonality)

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2
Q

What are the 5 diagnostic tests that determine leukemia?

A

complete blood count (CBC) | BM biopsy | chest-X-ray | peripheral blood smear | blood chemistry

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3
Q

What are the 2 risk factors for getting leukemia?

A

family history | radiation exposure

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4
Q

What is the incidence of leukemia?

A

1 in 3000

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5
Q

What are 4 symptoms of leukemia?

A

Petechiae | painless lumps | pain and fullness under ribs | thrombocytopenia = bleeding problem

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6
Q

What is the pain and fullness under the ribs due to in leukemia?

A

spleenomegaly and hepatomegaly

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7
Q

What is the etiology of leukemia?

A

unknown

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8
Q

What are the 3 ways to treat leukemia?

A

chemotherapy | BM transplantation | radiation therapy

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9
Q

What is radiation therapy?

A

gets rid of all nucleated cells

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10
Q

What are the 2 main types of leukemia?

A

acute leukemia and chronic leukemia

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11
Q

What is acute leukemia?

A

immature cell proliferation

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12
Q

What are the 2 types of acute leukemia?

A

acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) | acute non-lymphoblastic leukemia (ANLL)

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13
Q

Where does acute lymphoblastic leukemia begin in the body and in who does this occur in?

A

starts in BM | occurs in children

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14
Q

What are the 3 subsets of acute lymphoblastic leukemia based off of?

A

size

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15
Q

What are the 3 subsets of acute lymphoblastic leukemia?

A

L1 = small cell predominant | L2 = large heterogenous size | L3 = large & heterogenous

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16
Q

How many subsets are in the acute non-lymphoblastic leukemia?

A

7

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17
Q

What is the M1 subset of ANLL?

A

myeloblastic leukemia without maturation

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18
Q

What is the M2 subset of ANLL?

A

myeloblastic leukemia with maturation

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19
Q

What is the M3 subset of ANLL?

A

promyelocytic

20
Q

What is the M4 subset of ANLL?

A

myelomonocytic

21
Q

What is the M5 subset of ANLL?

22
Q

What is the M6 subset of ANLL?

A

erythroleukemia = RBC leukemia

23
Q

What is the M7 subset of ANLL?

A

megakaryoblastic = platelet leukemia

24
Q

What is chronic leukemia?

A

mature cell proliferation | occurs more in older people

25
Q

What are the 2 types of chronic leukemias? Which is more common?

A

chronic lymphoblastic leukemia (CLL) [more common] | chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)

26
Q

What is the WBC range in chronic lymphoblastic leukemia (CLL)?

A

200,000 - 300,000

27
Q

What is the characteristic of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)?

A

blast transformation of myelocytes into another blood cell type – people usually die from this

28
Q

What is lymphoma?

A

malignant proliferation of a single cell line (lymphocytes) originating in the lymph nodes

29
Q

What is a fact about lymphoma concerning its common occurrence in children?

A

it is the 3rd most common malignant disease in kids after acute leukemia and brain tumors

30
Q

What are 6 symptoms of lymphoma?

A

painless swelling | feel bloated | itching | night sweats | recurring high-grade fever | swelling or the tumor occur in other organs (extra nodular lymphoma)

31
Q

Which 4 places in the body does painless swelling occur in lymphoma?

A

neck | armpits | groin | abdomen

32
Q

Why is the swelling painless in lymphoma?

A

lump not big enough to where it can move around

33
Q

What are the 3 ways to treat lymphoma?

A

radiation therapy | BM transport | chemotherapy

34
Q

What is a diagnostic test used to determine lymphoma?

35
Q

What are the causes or hypothetical cause to lymphoma?

A

unknown cause | not hereditary | maybe due to virus

36
Q

What age range is at risk for lymphoma?

37
Q

What are the 8 possible triggers for lymphoma?

A

gene factors | infections | herbicide exposure | carcinogens | high dose radiation | retroviruses | AIDS (Kaposi sarcoma) | abnormalities in DNA and immune response

38
Q

What are the 2 kinds of lymphomas?

A

Hodgkin’s and Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL)

39
Q

What distinguishes Hodgkin’s Lymphoma from NHL?

A

presence of Reed-Sternberg cells in Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

40
Q

What are Reed Sternberg cells?

A

cells with 2 nuclei

41
Q

Which lymphoma is the most curable form?

A

Hodgkin’s

42
Q

How are lymphomas graded as?

A

low | intermediate | high

43
Q

What 2 categories are lymphomas classified based on?

A

morphology | immunological markers (Lukes and Collin’s)

44
Q

What are the 2 morphologies of lymphoma and what do they indicate?

A

nodular = confined as a nodule = indicate better prognosis | diffuse = spreading = not best prognosis

45
Q

What are the 4 immunological markers (Lukes and Collin’s) that lymphoma is classified based on?

A

B-cells (better prognosis) | T-cells | histocytes | U-cells

46
Q

What are histocytes?

A

kinda like monocyte

47
Q

What are U-cells?

A

non-T and non-B cells

Hematology (20 decks)

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