Leukemia and Lymphoma (Exam 3) Flashcards
What is leukemia?
blood cancer = uncontrolled proliferation of a cell line (monoclonality)
What are the 5 diagnostic tests that determine leukemia?
complete blood count (CBC) | BM biopsy | chest-X-ray | peripheral blood smear | blood chemistry
What are the 2 risk factors for getting leukemia?
family history | radiation exposure
What is the incidence of leukemia?
1 in 3000
What are 4 symptoms of leukemia?
Petechiae | painless lumps | pain and fullness under ribs | thrombocytopenia = bleeding problem
What is the pain and fullness under the ribs due to in leukemia?
spleenomegaly and hepatomegaly
What is the etiology of leukemia?
unknown
What are the 3 ways to treat leukemia?
chemotherapy | BM transplantation | radiation therapy
What is radiation therapy?
gets rid of all nucleated cells
What are the 2 main types of leukemia?
acute leukemia and chronic leukemia
What is acute leukemia?
immature cell proliferation
What are the 2 types of acute leukemia?
acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) | acute non-lymphoblastic leukemia (ANLL)
Where does acute lymphoblastic leukemia begin in the body and in who does this occur in?
starts in BM | occurs in children
What are the 3 subsets of acute lymphoblastic leukemia based off of?
size
What are the 3 subsets of acute lymphoblastic leukemia?
L1 = small cell predominant | L2 = large heterogenous size | L3 = large & heterogenous
How many subsets are in the acute non-lymphoblastic leukemia?
7
What is the M1 subset of ANLL?
myeloblastic leukemia without maturation
What is the M2 subset of ANLL?
myeloblastic leukemia with maturation
What is the M3 subset of ANLL?
promyelocytic
What is the M4 subset of ANLL?
myelomonocytic
What is the M5 subset of ANLL?
monocytic
What is the M6 subset of ANLL?
erythroleukemia = RBC leukemia
What is the M7 subset of ANLL?
megakaryoblastic = platelet leukemia
What is chronic leukemia?
mature cell proliferation | occurs more in older people
What are the 2 types of chronic leukemias? Which is more common?
chronic lymphoblastic leukemia (CLL) [more common] | chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)
What is the WBC range in chronic lymphoblastic leukemia (CLL)?
200,000 - 300,000
What is the characteristic of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)?
blast transformation of myelocytes into another blood cell type – people usually die from this
What is lymphoma?
malignant proliferation of a single cell line (lymphocytes) originating in the lymph nodes
What is a fact about lymphoma concerning its common occurrence in children?
it is the 3rd most common malignant disease in kids after acute leukemia and brain tumors
What are 6 symptoms of lymphoma?
painless swelling | feel bloated | itching | night sweats | recurring high-grade fever | swelling or the tumor occur in other organs (extra nodular lymphoma)
Which 4 places in the body does painless swelling occur in lymphoma?
neck | armpits | groin | abdomen
Why is the swelling painless in lymphoma?
lump not big enough to where it can move around
What are the 3 ways to treat lymphoma?
radiation therapy | BM transport | chemotherapy
What is a diagnostic test used to determine lymphoma?
BM biopsy
What are the causes or hypothetical cause to lymphoma?
unknown cause | not hereditary | maybe due to virus
What age range is at risk for lymphoma?
40-70 y/o
What are the 8 possible triggers for lymphoma?
gene factors | infections | herbicide exposure | carcinogens | high dose radiation | retroviruses | AIDS (Kaposi sarcoma) | abnormalities in DNA and immune response
What are the 2 kinds of lymphomas?
Hodgkin’s and Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL)
What distinguishes Hodgkin’s Lymphoma from NHL?
presence of Reed-Sternberg cells in Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
What are Reed Sternberg cells?
cells with 2 nuclei
Which lymphoma is the most curable form?
Hodgkin’s
How are lymphomas graded as?
low | intermediate | high
What 2 categories are lymphomas classified based on?
morphology | immunological markers (Lukes and Collin’s)
What are the 2 morphologies of lymphoma and what do they indicate?
nodular = confined as a nodule = indicate better prognosis | diffuse = spreading = not best prognosis
What are the 4 immunological markers (Lukes and Collin’s) that lymphoma is classified based on?
B-cells (better prognosis) | T-cells | histocytes | U-cells
What are histocytes?
kinda like monocyte
What are U-cells?
non-T and non-B cells