Leukemia and Lymphoma (Exam 3)

Question 1

What is leukemia?

Answer 1

blood cancer = uncontrolled proliferation of a cell line (monoclonality)

Question 2

What are the 5 diagnostic tests that determine leukemia?

Answer 2

complete blood count (CBC) | BM biopsy | chest-X-ray | peripheral blood smear | blood chemistry

Question 3

What are the 2 risk factors for getting leukemia?

Answer 3

family history | radiation exposure

Question 4

What is the incidence of leukemia?

Answer 4

1 in 3000

Question 5

What are 4 symptoms of leukemia?

Answer 5

Petechiae | painless lumps | pain and fullness under ribs | thrombocytopenia = bleeding problem

Question 6

What is the pain and fullness under the ribs due to in leukemia?

Answer 6

spleenomegaly and hepatomegaly

Question 7

What is the etiology of leukemia?

Answer 7

unknown

Question 8

What are the 3 ways to treat leukemia?

Answer 8

chemotherapy | BM transplantation | radiation therapy

Question 9

What is radiation therapy?

Answer 9

gets rid of all nucleated cells

Question 10

What are the 2 main types of leukemia?

Answer 10

acute leukemia and chronic leukemia

Question 11

What is acute leukemia?

Answer 11

immature cell proliferation

Question 12

What are the 2 types of acute leukemia?

Answer 12

acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) | acute non-lymphoblastic leukemia (ANLL)

Question 13

Where does acute lymphoblastic leukemia begin in the body and in who does this occur in?

Answer 13

starts in BM | occurs in children

Question 14

What are the 3 subsets of acute lymphoblastic leukemia based off of?

Answer 14

size

Question 15

What are the 3 subsets of acute lymphoblastic leukemia?

Answer 15

L1 = small cell predominant | L2 = large heterogenous size | L3 = large & heterogenous

Question 16

How many subsets are in the acute non-lymphoblastic leukemia?

Answer 16

7

Question 17

What is the M1 subset of ANLL?

Answer 17

myeloblastic leukemia without maturation

Question 18

What is the M2 subset of ANLL?

Answer 18

myeloblastic leukemia with maturation

Question 19

What is the M3 subset of ANLL?

Answer 19

promyelocytic

Question 20

What is the M4 subset of ANLL?

Answer 20

myelomonocytic

Question 21

What is the M5 subset of ANLL?

Answer 21

monocytic

Question 22

What is the M6 subset of ANLL?

Answer 22

erythroleukemia = RBC leukemia

Question 23

What is the M7 subset of ANLL?

Answer 23

megakaryoblastic = platelet leukemia

Question 24

What is chronic leukemia?

Answer 24

mature cell proliferation | occurs more in older people

Question 25

What are the 2 types of chronic leukemias? Which is more common?

Answer 25

chronic lymphoblastic leukemia (CLL) [more common] | chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)

Question 26

What is the WBC range in chronic lymphoblastic leukemia (CLL)?

Answer 26

200,000 - 300,000

Question 27

What is the characteristic of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)?

Answer 27

blast transformation of myelocytes into another blood cell type -- people usually die from this

Question 28

What is lymphoma?

Answer 28

malignant proliferation of a single cell line (lymphocytes) originating in the lymph nodes

Question 29

What is a fact about lymphoma concerning its common occurrence in children?

Answer 29

it is the 3rd most common malignant disease in kids after acute leukemia and brain tumors

Question 30

What are 6 symptoms of lymphoma?

Answer 30

painless swelling | feel bloated | itching | night sweats | recurring high-grade fever | swelling or the tumor occur in other organs (extra nodular lymphoma)

Question 31

Which 4 places in the body does painless swelling occur in lymphoma?

Answer 31

neck | armpits | groin | abdomen

Question 32

Why is the swelling painless in lymphoma?

Answer 32

lump not big enough to where it can move around

Question 33

What are the 3 ways to treat lymphoma?

Answer 33

radiation therapy | BM transport | chemotherapy

Question 34

What is a diagnostic test used to determine lymphoma?

Answer 34

BM biopsy

Question 35

What are the causes or hypothetical cause to lymphoma?

Answer 35

unknown cause | not hereditary | maybe due to virus

Question 36

What age range is at risk for lymphoma?

Answer 36

40-70 y/o

Question 37

What are the 8 possible triggers for lymphoma?

Answer 37

gene factors | infections | herbicide exposure | carcinogens | high dose radiation | retroviruses | AIDS (Kaposi sarcoma) | abnormalities in DNA and immune response

Question 38

What are the 2 kinds of lymphomas?

Answer 38

Hodgkin's and Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL)

Question 39

What distinguishes Hodgkin's Lymphoma from NHL?

Answer 39

presence of Reed-Sternberg cells in Hodgkin's Lymphoma

Question 40

What are Reed Sternberg cells?

Answer 40

cells with 2 nuclei

Question 41

Which lymphoma is the most curable form?

Answer 41

Hodgkin's

Question 42

How are lymphomas graded as?

Answer 42

low | intermediate | high

Question 43

What 2 categories are lymphomas classified based on?

Answer 43

morphology | immunological markers (Lukes and Collin's)

Question 44

What are the 2 morphologies of lymphoma and what do they indicate?

Answer 44

nodular = confined as a nodule = indicate better prognosis | diffuse = spreading = not best prognosis

Question 45

What are the 4 immunological markers (Lukes and Collin's) that lymphoma is classified based on?

Answer 45

B-cells (better prognosis) | T-cells | histocytes | U-cells

Question 46

What are histocytes?

Answer 46

kinda like monocyte

Question 47

What are U-cells?

Answer 47

non-T and non-B cells