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Hematology > Exam 1 (general info) > Flashcards

Exam 1 (general info) Flashcards

1
Q

What is hematology?

A

study of the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of blood-forming elements

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2
Q

What is plasma?

A

fluid collected from blood in the presence of anti-coagulant (contains antibodies)

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3
Q

What does plasma consist of?

A

90% water | proteins | inorganic salts (NaCl, bicarbonate) | organic substances (glucose, urea) | gases (O2, CO2) | miscellaneous

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4
Q

What proteins are in plasma?

A

albumins and antibodies

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5
Q

What are albumins?

A

insoluble proteins that are able to reduce toxicity in the body

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6
Q

What are the formed elements in blood?

A

all of the leukocytes and erythrocytes

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7
Q

What are the 3 granulocytes?

A

neutrophils (PMN) | basophil | eosinophil

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8
Q

What do agranulocytes consist of?

A

monocytes and lymphocytes

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9
Q

What are the 2 things that one needs to look at during a disease process? Which aspect is more important and why?

A

cell number count within normal range | function is normal = more important aspect because normal numbers don’t always indicate patient is good

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10
Q

Where do all blood cells come from?

A

hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow

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11
Q

Which cells have lobulated nuclei?

A

granulocytes

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12
Q

What does a blood cell with fine chromatin and nucleoli indicate?

A

cell is young/mature

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13
Q

What happens to the chromatin as the blood cell ages?

A

will be thicker and more condensed

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14
Q

What are 4 diseases that are associated with levels of WBCs?

A

HIV/AIDS | leukemia | lymphoma | immunodeficiency

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15
Q

What does the suffix “-penia” mean?

A

lower than normal value

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16
Q

What does the suffix “-cytosis” mean?

A

higher than normal value

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17
Q

What is lymphoma? What is an example of a lymphoma disease?

A

increase number in WBCs (lymphocytes) | Hodgkin’s

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18
Q

What is the tendency of blood to coagulate due to?

A

absence of anticoagulants

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19
Q

What does serum contain?

A

anything not part of the coagulation process

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20
Q

What is coagulation?

A

same thing as clotting

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21
Q

What does VPRC stand for?

A

volume packed RBCs

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22
Q

What does VPRC (crit) tell you?

A

how many RBCs patient has in their blood compared to total volume

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23
Q

What does a low VPRC indicate?

A

low RBC count = may be anemic

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24
Q

What does pink plasma indicate?

A

RBC lysis

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25
Q

What atom is important for the clotting process?

A

Ca2+

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26
Q

What are the 3 anti-coagulants that bind and sequester Ca2+?

A

ammonium or potassium oxalate | EDTA | sodium citrate

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27
Q

What is heparin?

A

anti-thrombin = stops coagulation

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28
Q

What is serum?

A

fluid collected after blood coagulation

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29
Q

What are “relative” numbers?

A

percentage of a cell type present against the total number of all WBCs |

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30
Q

What are “absolute” numbers?

A

exact quantity of a cell type in the body that is actually circulating

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31
Q

Which one is more important: relative or absolute?

A

absolute

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32
Q

What is the largest blood cell type?

A

monocytes

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33
Q

What “age” must all cells in the circulation must be?

A

mature

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34
Q

What are the 4 characteristics that one must look out when distinguishing between WBCs?

A

size compared to RBC | nucleus | granules | staining

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35
Q

What is hepatomegaly?

A

enlarged liver

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36
Q

What is splenomegaly?

A

enlarged spleen

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37
Q

What is lymphadenopathy?

A

enlarged lymph node

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38
Q

What is a responsive bone marrow?

A

when it produces more WBCs or RBCs (depending on case) due to cytosis and those produced cells actually come out of the bone marrow and are functional

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39
Q

What cells are not commonly detected in the bone marrow?

A

lymphocytes - they leave somewhat mature from BM and reach full maturity in the lymph nodes

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40
Q

What does the reticulo-endothelial system contain?

A

bone marrow | lymph node | spleen | peyer’s patches | cells in circulation

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41
Q

What are the 2 parts of the bone marrow?

A

red and white marrow

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42
Q

What is the red marrow?

A

active synthesis of RBCs

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43
Q

What is the white marrow?

A

“reserve” not active in synthesis of RBC

44
Q

What are the 5 things that is contained in the bone marrow?

A

connective tissue | RBC + precursors | WBC + precursors | platelets + precursors | lymphocytes

45
Q

Where does the pathogen first go to once it has penetrated our skin?

A

lymph to the lymph nodes

46
Q

What does the pathogen stimulate once it is in the lymph nodes?

A

lymphocyte maturation

47
Q

When do pathogens enter the circulation?

A

via blood transfusion

48
Q

What organ is the primary site of lymphocyte maturation?

A

lymph nodes

49
Q

What cell types are in the lymph nodes?

A

lymphocytes and monocytes (macrophage cells)

50
Q

What do lymph nodes function as?

A

filters lymph checking for pathogens and antigens

51
Q

What does the spleen function as?

A

filtering organ containing lymphocytes and monocytes (macrophages)

52
Q

What does splenomegaly indicate?

A

increase of cell proliferation in response to microbial infection and etc.

53
Q

What are Peyer’s patches?

A

lymphoid aggregates lining the intestines - lymphocyte stimulation site

54
Q

What is function of Peyer’s patches?

A

filters pathogenic bacteria | very active after consumption of uncooked food

55
Q

What do Peyer’s patches produce?

A

IgA = can stop bacteria from overgrowth

56
Q

What is hematopoiesis?

A

production of blood cell elements

57
Q

What is myelopoiesis?

A

production of granulocytes and platelets in the BM

58
Q

What is lymphopoiesis?

A

production of lymphocytes = occurs in lymph nodes, spleen, Peyer’s patches

59
Q

What is embryonic antigen? What does it indicate if found in adults?

A

antigen that only embryos should have (stem cells) | can indicate malignancy

60
Q

What is the H and E stain used for?

A

tissue biopsy

61
Q

What is the Prussian Blue stain used for?

A

determines iron content

62
Q

What is the Giemsa stain used for?

A

detects pathogens

63
Q

What is the Wright stain used for?

A

normal staining of blood cells to see cell type

64
Q

What is Myeloid:Erythroid (M:E) ratio?

A

indicates if activity in BM is normal

65
Q

What is the normal M:E range?

66
Q

What can a high M:E ratio be due to?

A

increase Myeloid production = indicates infection

67
Q

What can a low M:E ratio be due to?

A

increase in RBC production = bleeding problem such as anemia (loss of blood)

68
Q

What symptoms will one have when malignant cells produce in the BM?

A

decrease production of WBC, RBC, and platelet | leads to anemia, bleeding problem, infection problem

69
Q

What is the Cells:Fat (C:F) ratio?

A

measures bone marrow activity

70
Q

What do “cells” refer to in the C:F ratio?

A

any cell type that is actively undergoing proliferation in the BM

71
Q

What does “fat” refer to in the C:F ratio?

A

cells in reserve (white marrow) = does not stain

72
Q

What does a C:F ratio > 1 indicate?

A

BM is active and red portion is actively producing cells

73
Q

What does a C:F ratio < 1 indicate?

A

BM is unresponsive = cannot or is not producing cells

74
Q

What does a C:F ratio of > 1 indicate with a patient who has a low M:E ratio?

A

patient is currently anemic and BM is compensating for the RBC shortage

75
Q

What is hyperplasia in terms of BM activity?

A

overproduction of cells = highly active

76
Q

What are 4 characteristics of hyperplastic BM?

A

C.F > 1 | more hematopoietic cells than fat cells | more red marrow | more BM cells produced than normal

77
Q

What is hypoplasia in terms of BM activity?

A

decreased production of cells = under-active

78
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of hypoplastic BM?

A

C.F < 1 | more fat cells, less hematopoietic cells | more white marrow | less BM cells produced than normal

79
Q

What are 3 characteristics of the BM when the patient has Acute L Leukemia?

A

No M.E ratio = all cells look the same | hyperplastic BM | C.F > 1

80
Q

What do immune cells require in order to proliferate and differentiate?

A

immature nucleus (fine chromatin)

81
Q

Which immune cells will continue to proliferate after maturity?

A

lymphocytes and monocytes

82
Q

Which cell types are transfusable?

A

RBC | platelets | granulocytes

83
Q

Why is it not safe to transfuse lymphocytes directly to someone?

A

donor immune system will reject it as it sees it as foreign

84
Q

Due to immuno-rejection, what must transplant patients take in order to introduce their body to the transplanted organ?

A

immunosuppressant drugs

85
Q

What are the 5 things hematopoietic cell maturation changes in?

A

cell size | cell shape | chromatin | nucleus shape | presence/absence granules

86
Q

What does the Wright stain contain?

A

methylene blue and eosin

87
Q

What does the H and E stain contain?

A

hematoxylin and eosin

88
Q

What must cells need to maintain in order to remain viable?

A

metabolic processes needed for energy

89
Q

How can you guess the cell type if the cells look degenerated?

A

use of normal differential values = guess neutrophils (most abundant)

90
Q

What are characteristics of monocytes?

A

horse-shoe large nucleus | vacuoles present

91
Q

What is diagnosis?

A

the symptoms and what caused it

92
Q

What are differential diagnoses?

A

all of the diagnoses (the causes) of that symptom | possible causes of that symptom (symptom ie: neutrophilic leukocytosis)

93
Q

What is leukocytosis?

A

over normal value in WBC count

94
Q

What is leukopenia?

A

under normal value in WBC count

95
Q

What are the 5 differential diagnoses for monocytosis?

A

increase in monocytes | pulmonary tuberculosis | Rickettsia infections | typhoid fever | lymphoma

96
Q

What are the 2 types of leukopenia?

A

balanced | leukopenia in selected cells

97
Q

What is balanced leukopenia?

A

reduction in all leukocytes

98
Q

Which 2 cell types are most important?

A

neutropenia and lymphopenia

99
Q

Why are eosinopenia, basopenia, and monocytopenia will not likely be detected?

A

normal value is very small to begin with

100
Q

Why should diagnosis include family history?

A

genetic diseases commonly appear early on in childhood (parents might have it too)

101
Q

What are monocytes called in tissues?

A

macrophages

102
Q

What are 3 functions of monocytes?

A

chemotaxis, phagocytosis, intracellular killing

103
Q

What are monocytes also involved in?

A

immune response, process antigens and targets malignant cells

104
Q

What is desensitization of allergy?

A

administer Ag to induce production of more IgG &raquo_space;> so Ag won’t bind to IgE on mast/basophils = no histamine secretion

105
Q

What are the 3 things that the level of each type of antibody production is dependent on?

A

antigen | how often antigen is inoculated and the route | dosage of Ab

106
Q

What is “measurement of immunity”?

A

measure/detect antibody titer

107
Q

What test is an example of measurement of immunity?

A

skin test (PPD)

Hematology (20 decks)

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