RBC Pathway And Abnormalities Flashcards
Effect of gender in RBC count
Estrogen inhibits erythropoiesis. Decrease RBC count
Androgen stimulates erythropoiesis. Increase RBC count
Erythrocytes normal values in conventional unit
Male: 5.5-6.5 million/cu.mm
Female: 4.5-5.5 million/cu.mm
Decrease oxygen means?
Increase erythropoiesis. Increase RBC count
Conditions with increase RBC count
Polycythemia Vera Chronic heart disease Dehydration Lung disease Acute poisoning Residing in a place with high altitude
Conditions with decrease RBC count
Anemia
Hemorrhage
Oligocythemia
Substrate for aldolase cleavage for the final product of phase 1
Fructose-1,6-biphosphate
Anaerobic glycolysis, non oxidative pathway
Embden-Meyerhof pathway
ATP is not used in what situation?
Oxygen release to tissue
Oxygen binding to heme
Product of EMP
2 ATP
By product of EMP phase 1
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate G3P
Necessary for the production of 2,3-BPG
Leubering-Rapoport Pathway
Production of 2,3-DPG is dependent in what enzyme?
Phosphofructokinase
Functional dependent in G6PD
Hexose-monophosphate shunt
Co factor for glutathione reductase
NADPH
Reduced form of glutathione
GSH
Maintains the iron in the hemoglobin in its reduced state
Methemoglobin reductase pathway
Reduced state of iron
Ferrous
Esterification of plasma cholesterol is controlled by what enzyme
Lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase
Converts methemoglobin to hemoglobin
Cytochrome b5 reductase
Protein stain
Coomasie blue
Proteins require this powerful detergent
Sodium dodecyl sulfate
Membrane proteins are named according to their selective position in?
SDS-PAGE
Most commonly defined abnormality appears to be a defect in spectrin
Hereditary elliptocytosis
Disorder produced by the cholesterol overloading of the membrane
Acanthocytes
Acathocytes is associated with?
Abetalipoproteinemia and Mcleod syndrome
Principal skeletal proteins
Alpha and beta spectrin
Cup shaped in wet preparation
Target cells
Target cells is commonly found in?
Obstructive liver disease
Mechanism of RBC destruction
Extravascular and intravascular destruction
Main graveyard of RBC
Spleen
RBC parameter
MCH
MCV
3 phases of EMP
Primary investing phase
Pay-off phase
Conversion to pyruvate
Variation in cell size
Anisocytosis
Variation in cellshape
Poikilocytosis
RBC size is smaller than the nucleus of lymphocytes
Microcytic
RBC size is bigger than the small lymphocytes
Macrocytic
Mutation in the gene for band 3 that results in increased rigidity of the membrane and resistant to the invasion by malaria
Southeast asian ovalocytosis
Elliptocytes which show slit like areas pallor
HE with stomatocytosis
Due to the alterations in RBC membrane-spectrin
Elliptocytes
Normal MCV of RBC
80-100fl
Kind of RBC destruction wherein the RBC lyses in the vessels from purely mechanical or traumatic cause
Intravascular hemolysis
Variant of hereditary elliptocytosis characterized by marked poikilocytosis and heat sensitivity
Hereditary pyropoikilocytosis
High prevalence of southeast asian ovalocytosis occurs in?
Malaysia
RBC with irregular spicules
Acanthocyte
Thorn cell
Regularly spicule surface
Burr cells
Burr cells is commonly seen in?
Pyruvate kinase deficiency
Uremia
Cancer of the stomach
Acute blood loss
Commonly found in obstructive liver disease where the increase surface area is due to an accumulation of cholesterol and lecithin due inhibition of plasma LCAT activity by bile salts
Target cells
Defects in proteins that disrupt the vertical interactions between transmembrane protein and the underlying protein cytoskeleton
Hereditary spherocytosis
Half moon, spiculated resembling two horns results from ruptured vacuole
Keratocytes
Seen in myelofibrosis and myeloidmelaplasia
Dacryocytes
Result from fragmentation and squeezing of cell during splenic persuasion
Dacryocytes
Red cell fragments. An intrinsic abnormality of the red cell which makes it more likely to fragment
Schistocyte or schizocyte
Seen in MAHA, HUS and DIC
Schizocyte
Due to the polymerization of abnormal Hb-HbS
Sickle cells or depranocytes
MCHC is high, less deformable, so they pile up in the spleen causing blockages
Spherocytes
Elongated RBC with a slit like central pallor
Stomatocytes
Stomatocytes are seen in
Severe hemolytic anemia Hereditary stomatocytosis Alcoholism Rh null disease Mediterranean stomatocytosis
Dimpled, resembling pinched. Have two small areas of central pallor separated by a band on hemoglobin
Knizocytes
Seen in polychromatophilia, lead poisoning and in impaired hemoglobin synthesis
Basophilic stippling
Abnormal instability of the RNA in the young cells
Basophilic stippling
Composed of nuclear ribosomes or denatured proteins
Cabot rings
Caused by excess red cell membrane to the hemoglobin content of the cell
Target cell
Smooth round remnants of DNA, usually single
Howell jolly body
Howell jolly body is seen in
Megaloblastic anemia
Severe hemolytic anemia
After splenectomy
Siderotic dranules. Iron from sideromes and mitochondria that are stained with prussian blue. Often near periphery of the cell
Pappenheimer bodies
Presence indicates increase erythropoiesis
Reticulocytes
Figure of eight. Or loop shaped
The rings are probably microtubules from a mitotic spindle
Cabot rings
Rouleaux formation is seen in?
Monoclonal gammopathy
Might appear in the blood with polychromatophilic normoblast
Nucleated RBC
Large numbers of circulating RBC are seen in
Hemolytic disease of newborns
Thalassemia major
Iron aggregates
Pappenheimer
Clumping of red cells
Agglutination
Cigar shaped or egg shaped
Elliptocytes
Defective proteins disrupt the horizontal linkages in the protein cytoskeleton and weaken the mechanical stability of the membrane
Hereditary elliptocytosis
Alignment of red cells upon one another. Resembling a stack of coins
Rouleaux formation