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Hematology/Oncology > RBC Disorders > Flashcards

RBC Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common cause of iron-deficiency anemia in older patients?

A

Colon cancer and polyps (lower GI bleeds)

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2
Q

A physician suspects their patient has iron-deficiency anemia. They run an iron study. What are the expected results?

A

Serum iron - decreased
Serum ferritin - decreased
TIBC - increased
Transferrin saturation - decreased

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3
Q

What is the most accurate laboratory measure of total body iron?

A

Total iron binding capacity

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4
Q

Anemia of chronic disease is due to an inability to use iron and decreased response to EPO. What is the classic laboratory presentation?

A

Serum iron - decreased
Serum ferritin - increased
Transferrin saturation - decreased

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5
Q

Increased hepcidin release triggered by cytokines is most associated with what type of anemia?

A

Anemia of chronic disease - this causes iron to remain within cells, thus low serum iron but high ferritin

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6
Q

What are the primary causes of megaloblastic anemia?

A

Folate and/or Vitamin B12 deficiency

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7
Q

True/False. Vitamin B12 deficiency will cause folate deficiency, if untreated.

A

True - Vitamin B12 is needed to regenerate folate from 5-methyl-THF

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8
Q

Why do RBCs increase in size due to Folate/B12 deficiency?

A

Folate and B12 play a role in DNA synthesis and repair. Deficiency causes unbalanced cell growth and division, resulting in large RBCs

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9
Q

A patient is diagnosed with megaloblastic anemia. How can folate/B12 deficiency be differentiated as the cause?

A

Folate Deficiency - High homocysteine, normal methylmalonic acid

B12 Deficiency - High homocysteine and methylmalonic acid

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10
Q

What is pernicious anemia?

A

Anemia caused be defective secretion of IF due to autoantibodies

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11
Q

What is thalassemia?

A

A quantitative decrease in the production of alpha/beta globin chains that causes excess globin to precipitate within the RBC

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12
Q

Two alpha globin genes are present on both chromosomes. What is the the result of deletion of three of these genes?

A

Hemoglobin H disease - due to the precipitation of four beta globin chains

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13
Q

Two alpha globin genes are present on both chromosomes. What is the the result of deletion of all four of these genes?

A

Hemoglobin Bart’s - incompatible with life, causing hydrops fetalis

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14
Q

Thalassemia is associated with what type of anemia?

A

Hemolytic, microcytic anemia

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15
Q

One beta globin gene is located on each chromosome. What alleles are possible at this locus?

A

B - Normal
B+ - some beta producing
B0 - no beta producing

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16
Q

Sickle cell disease affects which RBC globin chain?

A

Beta chain - point mutation of glutamate to valine

17
Q

How does sickle cell anemia differ from sickle cell trait?

A

Sickle cell anemia is due to two abnormal (ss) sickle genes, whereas sickle cell trait is inheritance of only one abnormal gene (Ss)

18
Q

Sickle cell anemia is what type of anemia?

A

Normocytic, hemolytic anemia

19
Q

What is paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria?

A

A type of hemolytic anemia due to the absence of the GPI anchor protein to which complement inhibitory proteins bind

20
Q

What complement inhibitory proteins are absent on RBCs of patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria?

A

CD55 & CD59 - they bind to the GPI anchor protein, which is absent in PNH

21
Q

G6PD is an X-linked recessive disorder that prevents regeneration of NADPH. What type of anemia does this cause?

A

Normocytic, hemolytic anemia

22
Q

Warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia involves what class of antibodies against what RBC antigen?

A

IgG antibodies against the Rh antigen

23
Q

Cold autoimmune hemolytic anemia involves what class of antibodies against what RBC antigen?

A

IgM antibodies against the I antigen

24
Q

What is Haptoglobin?

A

Protein made by the liver that binds to free hemoglobin for excretion

25
Q

What are the hallmarks of thrombotic microangiopathies?

A

Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, thrombi causing tissue ischemia

26
Q

Helmet cells due to mechanical RBC fragmentation are seen with what anemic disorder?

A

Thrombotic Microangiopathies

27
Q

What are common causes of myelophthisic anemia?

A

Granulomatous diseases, malignancies, myelofibrosis

28
Q

What is myelophthisic anemia?

A

A form of hypo-proliferative normocytic anemia due to non-homeopathic cells in the bone marrow

29
Q

What finding characterizes myelophthisic anemia?

A

Presence of immature erythrocytes in the peripheral blood

30
Q

What is aplastic anemia?

A

Pancytopenia due to hypoplasia of the bone marrow

31
Q

What is the most common hereditary cause of aplastic anemia?

A

Fanconi anemia

32
Q

True/False. Transfusion support is always needed in cases of aplastic anemia.

A

True - other treatment options may also be included

Hematology/Oncology (18 decks)

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