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Hematology > Rbc > Flashcards

Rbc Flashcards

1
Q

How much hemaglobin is in a rbc

A

30%

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2
Q

What is mcv

A

Mean corpuscular volume

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3
Q

What is mch

A

Mean corpuscular Hb

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4
Q

What is mchc

A

Mean corpuscular Hb concentration

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5
Q

What is normocytic

A

A normal sized rbc

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6
Q

What is microcytic

A

An abnormally small rbc

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7
Q

What is macrocytic

A

An abnormally large rbc

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8
Q

What is normochromic

A

Normal coloured rbc

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9
Q

What is hypochromic

A

Light coloured rbc

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10
Q

What is hyperchromic

A

An abnormally dark rbc

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11
Q

How many days does it take for erythrocytes to be made in bone marrow

A

6-8 days

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12
Q

Where does hematopoeisis occur

A

Liver, spleen, thymus, red bone marrow

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13
Q

What is erythropoiesis

A

The production of erythrocytes

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14
Q

What is Leukopoiesis

A

The production of leukocytes

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15
Q

What is thrombopoiesis

A

Production of platelets

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16
Q

What is the rbc schedule

A

Rubriblast ➡️ prorubricyte ➡️ rubricyte➡️ metarubricyte➡️ reticulocyte ➡️ mature rbc

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17
Q

What happens to cell size with rbc maturation

A

Cell size decreases

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18
Q

What happens to the ️nucleus in rbc maturation

A

Gets darker and more granular and then decreases

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19
Q

What happens to the cytoplasm in rbc

A

Goes from blue to light pink

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20
Q

How much water is in a rbc

A

60%

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21
Q

How long does the rbc live

A

100 days

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22
Q

What percentage of rbc die per day

A

1%

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23
Q

What is the waste product of rbc distruction

A

Bilirubin

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24
Q

What is poikilocytosis

A

Unusually shaped rbc

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25
Q

When does Rouleaux occur

A

Can be an artifact if blood is held too long or has been refrigerated

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26
Q

What is agglutination mean

A

Due to formation of immune complexes that attach to rbc. Occurs in immune mediated disorders

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27
Q

How do you differentiate Rouleaux from agglutination

A

Put saline on a drop of blood, Rouleaux will disperse

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28
Q

What are hyperchromatic cells

A

Have a darker stain than normal cells

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29
Q

Why does a cytoplasm stain blue

A

Due to the endoplasmic reticulum

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30
Q

What is anisocytosis

A

Variation of rbc siZe

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31
Q

Is new methylene blue stain a vital stain

A

Yes

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32
Q

What is a Heinz body

A

Denatured Hb

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33
Q

What do spherocytes associated with

A

Hemolytic anemia due to immune disease. It has a smiley face

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34
Q

What are echinocytes

A

Often an artifact. Crenated rbc

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35
Q

What are acanthocytes

A

Red cells with 2-10 blunt elongated finger like surface projections

36
Q

What are spherocytes

A

Small round red cells that stain intensely and lack central pallor

37
Q

What are Elliptocytes

A

Oval erythrocytes

38
Q

What are dacrocytes

A

Tear drop shaped erythrocytes

39
Q

What are codocytes

A

Stomatocytes and target cells. Shaped erythrocytes and are due to rbc membrane change

40
Q

What are acanthocytes associated with

A

Hemangiosarcoma

41
Q

Why do acanthocytes occur

A

Due to abnormal accumulation of lipids within the rbc membrane.

42
Q

What are schistocytes

A

Fragmented rbc

43
Q

What are shistocytes

A

Red blood cell fragments due to mechanical damage

44
Q

What are keratocytes

A

A helmet blister cell- another type of fragmented rbc

45
Q

Are schistocytes clinically relevant?

46
Q

What is a Howell jolly body

A

Remnant of a ️nucleus

47
Q

What is basophilic stippling associated with

A

Seen in lead poisoning

48
Q

Are target cells or stomatcytes significant if there is no anemia

49
Q

What is a stomatocyte

A

Red blood cell membrane defect

50
Q

What are target cells and what are their associated with

A

Excess cell membrane. Associated with liver disease

51
Q

When are codocytes significant

A

Finding codocytes in the absence of polychromasia is significant, it means that excess lipid membrane is present and is an abnormality

52
Q

What are Dacrocytes

A

Failure of the red blood cell to return to its original shape after squeezing through capillaries. Associated with bone marrow disorders

53
Q

What are six blood parasites that can be seen in a blood smear

A 
Dirofilaria Immitis 
Hemobartinella 
Ehrlichia
Anaplasma
Cytauxzoon 
Babesia
54
Q

What is anemia

A

Decreased red cell mass

55
Q

How do you classify anemia

A

Regenerative or Non regenerative based on bone marrow response

56
Q

What are the three general causes of anemia

A

Decreased production, increased destruction, blood loss

57
Q

Given example of decreased production

A

Bone marrow problems, cancer, renal failure

58
Q

Given example of increased destruction

A

Macrophages kill red blood cells. Associated with hemolytic anemia

59
Q

Given example of blood loss

A

Parasites or bodily injury

60
Q

Describe what happens with Parvo or panleukopenia

A

White blood cell destruction destruction of rapidly dividing cells in the gastrointestinal tract

61
Q

How could you tell by looking at peripheral blood spear if anemia is responsive

A

The presence of reticulocytes

62
Q

Describe body changes in blood loss or hemorrhage

A

Bone marrow is still functional. Responsive anemia. No jaundice or increase BiliRubin. Plasma proteins are decreased

63
Q

How do you know based on a blood test that you have hemolytic anemia

A

you have an increase in BiliRubin. But normal plasma protein. Plus reticulocytes on a blood smear

64
Q

What are the two types of Hemolysis

A

Intravascular or extravascular

65
Q

Describe extra vascular hemolysis

A

Involves the destruction and removal of damaged red blood cells by the microphages of the spleen and liver. Results in excess production of BiliRuben = jaundice

66
Q

When do you see hemoglobinemia or hemoglobinuria

A

Only in severe cases of intravascular hemolysis

67
Q

When do you see icterus

A

In either intravascular or extravascular hemolytic anemia due to the excess production of BiliRuben.

68
Q

Describe The pathogenesis of immune mediated hemolytic anemia

A

Red blood cells become coated with anti-bodies as they circulate. Antibody coated red blood cells either Lyses intravascularly or removed by macrophages in the liver and spleen. You will see a red blood cell agglutination

69
Q

Why does agglutination occur

A

What antibodies cause bridging between adjacent red blood cells

70
Q

What are four conditions which can cause immune mediated hemolytic anemia

A

Heartworm disease, lymphoma, lupus, drug-induced immune mediated Hemolysis

71
Q

What is the morphologic hallmark of immune mediated hemolytic anemia

A

A significant number of Spherocytes

72
Q

What Can non regenerative anemia be caused by

A

Result of either ineffective erythropoiesis (maturation defect anemia) or reduced production of red blood cells (hypoproliferative anemia)

73
Q

What are some causes of non responsive anemia

A

Bone marrow damage
Reduced erythropoetin (renal failure)
Bone marrow invasion by neoplastic cells

74
Q

What is the most common cause of nonresponsive anemia

A

Chronic disease

75
Q

Describe normal bone marrow ratios in adult animals

A

50% nucleated cells and 50% fat cells

76
Q

Describe the bone marrow ratio in juvenile mammals

77
Q

Describe the bone marrow ratio in geriatric mammals

78
Q

What is polycythemia

A

Defined as increased circulating red blood cell mass. Values for PCV, hemoglobin concentration, red blood cell count are higher than reference ranges

79
Q

What can cause high pcv

A

High altitudes

Brachycephalic breeds

80
Q

What is relative polycythemia

A

Decrease in plasma volume (dehydration) ⬆️ circulating rbc

81
Q

What are the signs of relative polycythemia on a blood test

A

Increase in pcv and total protein.

82
Q

What is transient polycythemia

A

Caused by splenic contractions with the release of epinephrin

83
Q

How do you know if it is a transient polycythemia based on the blood test

A

Increase pcv, normal hydration and normal tp

84
Q

What is absolute polycythemia

A

An absolute increase of circulating rbc as a result of increased bone marrow production.

85
Q

What are the clinical findings in absolute polycythemia

A

Lethargy, low exercise tolerance, behavioural change, brick red/cyanotic mm, sneezing, bilateral epistaxis, cardiopulmonary impairment

Hematology (15 decks)

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