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Hematology > Kidneys/UA > Flashcards

Kidneys/UA Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four ways to collect specimens for urinalysis

A

Voided, bladder expression, catheterization, Cystocentesis

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2
Q

Why is a voided sample the best to check for Hematuria

A

Because you know that the blood is not your fault

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3
Q

What is the advantage of cystocentesis

A

Avoids any risk of urine contamination by blood or bacteria

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4
Q

Would your shipping Urine to the lab which tube do you use

A

Red top tube

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5
Q

What do you do if you’re not going to examine the urine right away

A

Refrigerate it

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6
Q

What is the normal output of urine

A

20 to 40 mL per kilogram per day

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7
Q

What is Pollakiurua

A

Small amounts of urine

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8
Q

What is polyuria

A

Frequent urination

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9
Q

What are some common causes of abnormal turbidity

A

Increased cells, numerous crystals, bacteria, lipiduria, mucus, semen, fecal contamination

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10
Q

What are three ways to determine urine specific gravity

A

Refractometer, urinometer, reagent test strip

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11
Q

What are the five functions of the kidney

A
  1. Water balance 2. Filter out waste 3. Acid-base balance 4. Erythropoietin 5. It involved a blood pressure maintenance
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12
Q

What is Concentrated urine

A

Functional kidneys: USG> 1.035 (dog) Or >1.040 (cat)

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13
Q

What is hyposthenuric

A

Dilute urine: USG

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14
Q

What is moderately concentrated urine

A

USG 1.013-1.029 (dog) or 1.034 (cat)

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15
Q

What is Isothenuria

A

1.007-1.012. When the urine is the same osmolarity as possible. Neither concentrated or diluted

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16
Q

What are the three rules for reagent strips

A

Store reagent strips and original container at room temperature. Avoid exposing reagent strips moisture, sunlight, heat. Do not touch test areas of reagent strip

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17
Q

What are the factors that may decrease the pH of urine

A

Fever, starvation, high-protein diet, excessive muscular activity, administration of certain drugs

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18
Q

What is increased pH due too

A

Alkalosis, high Fiber diets, urinary tract infection

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19
Q

Where do protein of the urine come from

A

Cystitis, high ph (false positive), fever, concentrated urine

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20
Q

What does glucosuria and normoglycemia mean

A

Suggests tubular damage:
Lepto
Antifreeze
Fanconi syndrome

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21
Q

Why are ketones formed

A

Starvation, peak lactation in dairy cattle, diabetes mellitus

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22
Q

What do ketones in the body cause

A

Central nervous system depression and acidosis.

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23
Q

What about bilirubin in cats on urine dipstick

A

Should always be negative. Bilirubinemia in cats is pathologic

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24
Q

When do we see Bilirubinuria

A

Increased destruction of red blood cells (hemolytic anemia), liver disease, obstruction of bile flow from the liver, clinical jaundice

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25
Q

How do you change The microscope to see urine

A

Lower the condenser and closedown the substage iris diaphragm

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26
Q

For the urinalysis what would you see in low magnification

A

Casts, large crystals, debris, parasitic ova

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27
Q

What would you see under high magnification in a urinalysis

A

Leukocytes, erythrocytes, epithelial cells, far droplets, small crystals, sperm

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28
Q

How big are red blood cells in the microscope

A

7um

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29
Q

What happens to red blood cells when you have a high specific gravity

A

The red blood cells become crenated

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30
Q

What happens to red blood cells in urine with low specific gravity

A

The cells may be lysed and not visible

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31
Q

Describe fat droplets

A

Found in normal dog and cat sediments. Focus up and down and you could visualize their perfectly round appearance

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32
Q

What do increased numbers of transitional epithelial cells indicate

A

Urinary tract infections

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33
Q

Where are casts formed

A

In the lumen of the distal and collecting tubules

34
Q

Describe Casts

A

Cylindrical structures with Parallel sides present an acid urine

35
Q

Normal casts

A

Hyaline casts

36
Q

What are the abnormal casts

A 
Granular casts
Epithelial casts
Leukocyte casts
Erythrocytes casts
Waxy casts
Fatty casts
37
Q

When do you see epithelial cell casts

A

Acute nephritis

Degradation of renal epithelium

38
Q

When do you see a leukocyte cast

A

Pyelonephritis

39
Q

When do you see a waxy cast

A

Severe degeneration of renal tubules

40
Q

When do you see a fatty cast

A

In cats with renal disease

41
Q

When do you see a struvites

A

In basic urine

42
Q

When do you see amorphous crystals

A

In acidic urine

43
Q

When do you see calcium carbonate crystals

A

In horses,

Or rabbits and goats

44
Q

When do you see ammonium biurate crystals

A

In liver disease

45
Q

When do you see calcium oxalate dihydrate crystals

A

In acidic urine

46
Q

When do you see calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals

A

AntifreeZe poisoning

47
Q

When do you see uric acid crystals

A

Associated with dalmatians

48
Q

When do you see leucine or tyrosine crystals

A

Liver disease

49
Q

When do you see Cystine crystals

A

Renal tubular dysfunction

50
Q

What happens if there’s too much alcohol at the venipuncture site

A

Lyse the red blood cells

51
Q

What happens if you put too much pressure with the syringe

A

Collapse the vein

52
Q

What hormone is released with excitement

A

Epinephrine

53
Q

What hormone is released with stress

A

Cortisol

54
Q

What Effect does epinephrine have on red blood cells

A

Increase red blood cells due to splenic contractions

55
Q

What does cortisol do to white blood cell

A

Double the neutrophils or in cats sometimes it’s lymphocytes

56
Q

Describe what epinephrine does to the body

A

Increases white blood cells, red blood cells, physiologic neutrophils, polycythemia

57
Q

What affect does cortisol have on the body

A

Increased neutrophils,
decrease eosinophils,
increased lymphocytes

58
Q

What does the coagulant EDTA do

A

Binds calcium

59
Q

What is plasma made up of

A

90% water, 10% dissolved constituents: proteins, electrolytes etc

60
Q

What is serum made up of

A

It is plasma minus fibrinogen and clotting proteins

61
Q

How does heparin work

A

It has antithrombin

62
Q

What can heparin cause

A

Clumping of wbc

63
Q

What happens if you underfill the EDTA container

A

It can dilute blood

64
Q

What do grey top tubes do

A

Preserve glucose levels

65
Q

What are sodium citrate tubes used for

A

It is reversible anticoagulant and these tubes are used for coagulation assays. Works by binding calcium

66
Q

What happens to blood when it’s in the refrigerator

A

The more Clumped platelets appear

67
Q

How much sample volume do you need

A

Enough to run a biochem three times

68
Q

What does a complete blood cell count do

A

Red blood cell, PCV, total protein, blood differential, reticulocyte, hemoglobin concentration, red blood cell indices

69
Q

Hematocrit tubes should be within what percentage of each other

A

2%

70
Q

What happens the pact cell volume when the animal is dehydrated

A

Decreased plasma increase total protein

71
Q

What percent of plasma is protein

A

Five and 10%

72
Q

What does albumin do

A

Retains blood pressure

73
Q

What is a normal plasma protein for adult mammals

A

6-8 gm/dl

74
Q

What is the normal plasma protein for pediatric

A

4-6gm/dl due to decreased antibodies

75
Q

What is a decreased total protein do to

A

Protein losing enteropathy, chronic blood loss, liver disease, starvation

76
Q

What is elevated total protein do to

A

Dehydration

77
Q

When you’re dehydrated what happens

A

Increase in globulin

78
Q

What percentage of total protein is albumin

A

35 to 50%. Losses occur in kidney disease

79
Q

How will the ratio change with chronic inflammation and the cat or dog

A

Increased globulin and decreased ratio

80
Q

How do you estimate white blood cell count

A

10 times objective equals average number for field times 100

Hematology (15 decks)

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