Range of Motion - Soft tissue restriction

Question 1

Hip flexion (knee extended) taut tissue

Answer 1

Hamstrings

Question 2

Hip flexion (knee flexed) taut tissue

Answer 2

posterior and inferior capsule; gluteus maximus

Question 3

hip extension (knee extended) taut tissue

Answer 3

Primarily iliofemoral ligament, anterior capsule, some fibers of the pubofemoral and ischiofemoral ligaments; iliopsoas

Question 4

hip extension (knee flexed) taut tissue

Answer 4

rectus femoris

Question 5

Abduction taut tissue

Answer 5

pubofemoral ligamen; adductor muscles

Question 6

Adduction taut tissue

Answer 6

iliotibial band; abductor muscles such as tensor fasciae later and gluteus medius

Question 7

Internal rotation taut tissue

Answer 7

ischiofemoral ligament; external rotator muscles, such as the piriformis and gluteus maximus

Question 8

external rotation taut tissue

Answer 8

iliofemoral and pubofemoral ligaments; internal rotator muscles, such as the tensor fasciae latae and gluteus minimus

Question 9

Medial Collateral ligament function

Answer 9

1. Resists valgus
2. Resists knee extension
3. Resists extremes of axial rotation (especially knee external rotation)

Question 10

Medial Collateral ligament common mechanisms of injury

Answer 10

1. Valgus-producing force with foot planted
2. Severe hyperextension of the knee

Question 11

Lateral collateral ligament function

Answer 11

1. Resists varus
2. Resists knee extension
3. Resists extremes of axial rotation

Question 12

Lateral collateral ligament common mechanisms of injury

Answer 12

1. Varus-producing force with foot planted
2. severe hyperextension of the knee

Question 13

Posterior capsule function

Answer 13

1. Resists knee extension
2. Oblique popliteal ligament resists knee external rotation
3. Posterior-lateral capsule resists varus

Question 14

Posterior capsule common mechanisms of injury

Answer 14

1. Hyperextension or combined hyperextension with external rotation of the knee

Question 15

Anterior cruciate ligament function

Answer 15

1. Most fibers resist extension (either excessive anterior translation of the tibia, posterior translation of the femur, or a combination thereof)
2. Resists extremes of varus, valgus, and axial rotation

Question 16

Anterior cruciate ligament common mechanism of injury

Answer 16

1. Large valgus-producing force with the foot firmly planted
2. Large axial rotation torque applied to the knee (in either rotation direction), with the foot firmly planted
3. Any combination of the above, especially involving strong quadriceps contraction with the knee in full or near-full extension 4. Severe hyperextension of the knee

Question 17

Posterior Cruciate ligament function

Answer 17

1. Most fibers resist knee flexion (either excessive posterior translation of the tibia or anterior translation of the femur, or a combination thereof)
2. Resists extremes of varus, valgus, and axial rotation

Question 18

Posterior Cruciate ligament common mechanism of injury

Answer 18

1. Falling on a fully flexed knee (with ankle fully plantar flexed) such that the proximal tibia first strikes the ground
2. Any event that causes a forceful posterior translation of the tibia (i.e., “dashboard” injury) or anterior translation of the femur, especially while the knee is flexed
3. Large axial rotation or valgus-varus applied torque to the knee with the foot firmly planted, especially while the knee is flexed
4. Severe hyperextension of the knee causing a large gapping of the posterior side of the joint

Question 19

Calcaneofibular ligament

Answer 19

limits excessive inversion

Question 20

tibiocalcaneal fibers of the deltoid ligament

Answer 20

limits excessive eversion

Question 21

interosseous (talocalcaneal) cervical

Answer 21

both ligaments bind the talus with the calcaneus; limit the extremes of all motions, especially inversion

Question 22

Actions Associated with Exaggerated Pronation of Subtalar Joint (hip)

Answer 22

internal rotation, flexion, and adduction

Question 23

Actions Associated with Exaggerated Pronation of Subtalar Joint (knee)

Answer 23

increased valgus stress

Question 24

Actions Associated with Exaggerated Pronation of Subtalar Joint (rearfoot)

Answer 24

pronation (eversion) with lowering of medial longitudinal arch

Question 25

Actions Associated with Exaggerated Pronation of Subtalar Joint (midfoot and forefoot)

Answer 25

supination (inversion)