Gait

Question 1

Initial Contact Critical Event

Answer 1

Heel first contact (knee extension must happen for heel first contact)

Question 2

Loading response critical event

Answer 2

Hip stability (hamstrings, glutes, trunk ext.), controlled knee flexion (quads eccentrically activate), controlled ankle plantar flexion (dorsiflexors)

Question 3

Mid-stance critical event

Answer 3

Controlled tibial advancement (tibialis anterior)

Question 4

Terminal stance critical event

Answer 4

Controlled ankle dorsiflexion with heel rise; trailing limb posture to prepare for limb advancement (20 degrees hip extension)

Question 5

Pre-swing critical event

Answer 5

Passive knee flexion to 40 degrees, ankle plantar flexion

Question 6

initial swing critical event

Answer 6

slight forward pelvic rotation (protraction) to initiate swing, hip flexion to 15 degrees, knee flexion to 60 degrees

Question 7

Mid-swing critical event

Answer 7

Hip flexion to 25 degrees, ankle dorsiflexion to neutral for foot clearance

Question 8

terminal swing critical event

Answer 8

knee extension to neutral (or within 5 degrees)

Question 9

Initial contact EMG activity

Answer 9

Hip: Extensors
Knee: Quadriceps
Ankle: Pretibial muscles (anterior compartment)

Question 10

Four basic functions of normal gait

Answer 10

weight bearing stability, stance limb progression (heel rocker, ankle rocker, forefoot rocker), shock absorption, energy conservation (finding most efficient way to move throughout space)

Question 11

Loading response EMG activity

Answer 11

Hip: Extensors and abductors
Knee: Quadriceps
Ankle: Pretibial Muscles

Question 12

Mid stance EMG activity

Answer 12

Hip: Abductors
Knee: Quadriceps initially, then no muscle activity
Ankle: Gastrocnemius/Soleus complex

Question 13

Terminal Stance EMG activity

Answer 13

Hip: No muscle activity
Knee: No muscle activity
Ankle: Gastrocnemius/Soleus Complex

Question 14

Pre-Swing EMG activity

Answer 14

Hip: Adductors
Knee: No muscle activity
Ankle: No muscle activity as activation transfer from gastrocnemius/soleus complex to pretibial muscles

Question 15

Initial Swing EMG activity

Answer 15

Hip: Flexors
Knee: Hamstrings
Ankle: Pretibial muscles

Question 16

Mid-Swing EMG activity

Answer 16

Hip: Flexors initially, then hamstrings
Knee: Hamstrings
Ankle: Pretibial muscles

Question 17

Terminal Swing EMG activity

Answer 17

Hip: Hamstrings and Adductor/Abductors
Knee: Quadriceps
Ankle: Pretibial Muscles