Histology, Embryology, and Integumentary System Flashcards
3 primary vesicles
Forebrain, Midbrain, Hindbrain
Forebrain
Telencephalon & Diecephalon
Midbrain
Mesencephalon
Hindbrain
Metencephalon, Myelencephalon
5 secondary vesicles
Telencephalon, Diecephalon, Mesencephalon, Metencephalon, Myelencephalon.
Telencephalon
Cerebral hemispheres, lateral ventricles
Diecephalon
Thalami, etc. Third ventricle
Mesencephalon
Midbrain, aqueduct
Metencephalon
Pons & Cerebellum, upper part of fourth ventricle.
Myelencephalon
Medulla, lower part of fourth ventricle.
Down Syndrome
3 copies of chromosome 21
Pluripotential Cells, choices of what a cell becomes are determined not as a consequence of cell lineage but rather in…
Response to cues from immediate surroundings
Normal development and function of Pluripotential cells require…
Architectural precision and coordination
Pluripotential cells, The interactions that lead to a change in the course of development of at least one of the
interactants are called…
Inductions
Most inducible tissues appear to pass through a __________ but more or less
sharply delimited ____________ _______ in which they are competent to respond to an inductive signal from the neighboring tissues.
Transient, physiologic state
Because this state of receptiveness is limited in time, ___________________________
of one or more components in an interacting system __________________________________.
A delay in the development; may lead to failure of an inductive interaction.
Oxygenated blood delivered
from placenta to fetus via…
umbilical vein
De-oxygenated blood returns to
placenta via
umbilical arteries
any agent that can produce a birth defect (congenital anomaly) or increase the incidence of a defect in the population.
teratogen
what is the most common form of an atrial septal defect?
Patent Foramen Ovale
Four types of tissue
Connective, Muscle, nervous, and epithelium
Primary Glycoaminoglycans in Compression Zones
Chondroitin 6 sulfate
Primary Glycoaminoglycans in Tensile Zones
Dermantan Sulfate
Ligaments and tendons adapt to decreased load by
decreasing their collagen content and crosslinking
Fibrocartilage
mixture of dense connective tissue and articular cartilage
Fibrocartilage provides what?
resilience and shock absorption of articular cartilage and the tensile strength of ligaments and tendons.
Structural subunit of compact
bone is the
osteon
Three main types of joints
Fibrous joints, cartilaginous joints, and synovial joints
An articulation that allows moderate to extensive motion
diarthrosis
What does Hyaluronate do?
reduces friction
What does lubricin do?
Lubrication
What does synovial fluid do?
Keeps joint surfaces lubricated, reduces friction, provides nourishment.
Hinge Joint
Humero-ulnar joint, Interphalangeal joint, Uniplanar motion
Pivot joint
Humeroradial joint, Atlanta-axial joint, single axis of rotation
Ellipsoid Joint
Radiocarpal joint, 2 axes of rotation
Ball and socket joint
Glenohumeral joint, Coxofemoral (hip) joint, 3 axes of rotation
Plane Joint
Slide or combination of slide and rotation, Intercarpal or intertarsal joints.
Saddle Joint
Thumb, sternoclavicular joint, biplaner motion
Condyloid Joint
Knee joint, Biplaner motion
Pluripotential cells, The interactions that lead to a change in the course of development of at least one of theinteractants are called…
Inductions
what is the normal range of skin pH in healthy people?
4 to 6.5
what helps to maintain a normal skin flora by serving as a protective barrier against bacterial and fungal infections
acid mantle
Sterogenesis
ability to recognize an object by touch
pacinian receptors
deep pressure & vibrational sensation
Meissner’s corpuscles
responsible for sensing light touch
superficial (acute) pain
usually transmitted by very rapid nerve impulses by A-Delta fibers and tends to be sharp but ceases when the pain stimulus stops
deep (chronic) pain
pain impulses are transmitted slowly by C fibers
which three sources does blood supply the skin?
Direct cutaneous, musculocutaneous, and fasciocutaneous systems
what is the role of lymphoid tissue?
it is essential for adaptive immunity
dermis
dense layer of interlacing collagen and elastic fibers
reticular dermis
composed of collagen bundles that anchor the skin to subcutaneous tissue
subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis)
function is to promote an ongoing blood supply, provides a cushion between skin layers, muscles, and bones. Also insulates the body.
the superficial fascia is connected to the skin by…
fibrous septa (skin ligaments)
retinaculum cutis superficialis
attaches the superficial fascia to the skin, perpendicular
retinaculum cutis profundus
attaches the superficial fascia to the deep fascia, more oblique direction
sebaceous glands
produce sebum, a key component of the epidermal barrier
superficial burn (sunburn)
damage is limited to the epidermis
partial-thickness burn
epidermis and superficial dermis are damaged with blistering
Full-thickness burn
the entire thickness of the skin is damaged and often the subcutaneous tissue, sensory endings are destroyed
4th-degree burn
damage extends through the entire thickness of the skin into underlying fascia, muscle, or bone.
wound healing is often considered in four overlapping temporal phases:
hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling
hemostasis
initiates fibrin-fibronectin clot formation
inflammation
neutrophils and monocytes are recruited to wound sites within minutes of injury by a variety of chemotactic signals
proliferation
involves re-epithelialization and granulation tissue formation which takes place more or less simultaneously
remodeling
plays key role in wound contraction, thought to generate forces that pull normal dermal and adipose tissue into the wound defect.
epimysium
surrounds entire muscle belly
perimysium
divides muscles into fascicles
endomysium
surrounds individual muscle fibers
peripheral nerve
epineurium - encloses nerve trunk
perineurium - separates fascia
endoneurium - separates axons
type 1 collagen
most prevalent type of collagen and constitutes about 90% of body collagen (gives connective tissues high tensile strength)
type 2 collagen
main constituent of fibrillary component of cartilage
loose connective tissue
creates a gliding surface between two muscles and permits their independent contraction
white adipose tissue function
primary function is to store energy and act as a cushion
brown adipose tissue function
thermogenesis
Ruffini”s Nerve Endings
embedded in the fascial tissue allowing them to perceive the stretching of the superficial fasica
pacinian corpuscles
sensitive to compression
aponeurotic fascia
consists of a well-defined fibrous sheath, able to transmit muscular forces over a distance
what is hyaluranan
lubricant that allows normal gliding of joint and connective tissues
where is HA present in skeletal muscles?
epimysium, perimysium, endomysium
retinacula
the most highly innervated fascial tissues, can sense bone movement and muscular contraction
epimysial fascia
thinner than aponeurotic fasciae and their range of action is more localized (important feature is their tight adherence to underlying muscles)
what key role does epimysial fascia play?
proprioception and peripheral motor coordination due to its close relationship with muscle spindles
normal value of muscle pH
7.4
what is the rectus sheath
region where various muscular forces converge
role of vertebral column
protects spinal cord and spinal nerves, supports the weight of the body superior to the pelvis, and plays an important role in posture and locomotion
occipitoatlantal (O-1) Joint
permits nodding of the head, flexion and extension
atlantoaxial joint
rotates the head
anterior longitudinal ligament
prevents hyperextension of the vertebral column, the only ligament that limits extension
posterior longitudinal ligament
helps prevent or redirect posterior herniation of the nucleus pulposus
ligamenta flava
flavus= yellow, elastic, limit abrupt flexion
interspinous ligaments
weak, membranous
supraspinous ligaments
strong, fibrous
intertransverse ligaments
connect adjacent transverse processes
joints of the vertebral bodies are…
symphyses
Zygapophysial joints (facet joints)
permit gliding movements between articular processes
Anulus Fibrosus
An outer fibrous part, composed of concentric lamellae of fibrocartilage
Nucleus pulposus
a gelatinous central mass
the range of movement of the vertebral column is limited by the…
shape and orientation of the zygapophysial joints
where is blood oxygenated in fetal circulation?
placenta
