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Pediatrics > Random Peds Stuff 3 > Flashcards

Random Peds Stuff 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the best way to prevent epiglottis?

A

Immunization against HIB (haemophilus influenzae type b)

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2
Q

What is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

A

left ventricular hypertrophy and normal camber size without a clear etiology

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3
Q

What is the physiology behind hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

A

due to asymmetrical left ventricular hypertrophy leading to left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (LVOT)

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4
Q

14 year old African American boy whose brother died on a hiking trip. Carotid pulse with dual upstroke. Systolic ejection murmur along left sternal border with strong apical impulse. What is the diagnosis?

A

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

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5
Q

What happens to preload and afterload during squatting

A

both increase

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6
Q

what happens to preload and afterload during sustained handgrip?

A

increased afterload only

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7
Q

What happens to preload and after load during passive leg raise?

A

increased preload only

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8
Q

what does valsalva do to the murmur intensity of HCM

A

valsalva decreases preload, increases murmur intensity

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9
Q

What does sustained hand grip, squatting and passive leg raise due to murmur intensity of HCM?

A

decreases it

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10
Q

Describe the physiology behind why increasing preload or afterload decreases the intensity of the murmur in HCM

A

increases LV cavity size and thereby decreases outflow obstruction, decreasing the intensity of the murmur.

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11
Q

When is varicella vaccine given?

A

at age 1 and 4 years

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12
Q

When is the varicella vaccine contraindicated?

A
  • in pregnant women
  • immunocompromised hosts
  • neonates
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13
Q

If a pregnant woman is exposed to varicella, what can be done to protect her?

A

give varicella immunoglobulin ASAP within 10 days of exposure

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14
Q

Describe the pathophysiology of meckel’s diverticulum

A

incomplete obliteration of the fetal vitelline (omphalomesenteric) duct. Most diverticula contain gastric tissue that secrets HCL causing mucous ulceration and bleeding

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15
Q

Clinical features of biliary atresia

A

initially well-appearing, followed by development of the following over 1-8 weeks

  • jaundice
  • acholic (pale) stools or dark urine
  • hepatomegaly
  • conjugated hyperbilirubinemia
  • mild elevation in transaminases
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16
Q

what is the gold standard for diagnosis of biliary atresia

A

intraoperative cholangiogram showing biliary obstruction

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17
Q

what is the treatment for biliary atresia ?

A

Hepatoportoenterostomy (kasai procedure)

18
Q

What is the first step in evaluation when suspecting biliary atresia?

A

u/s showing absent or abnormal gallbladder

19
Q

jaundice that appears in the first 24 hours of life and resolves within the first week

A

physiologic jaundice

20
Q

nephrotic syndrome features

A
  • edema
  • fatigue
  • proteinuria
  • absence of hematuria
  • hypoalbuminemia
21
Q

What is the usual paediatric aetiology of nephrotic syndrome?

A

minimal change disease

22
Q

What are the usual adult aetiologies of nephrotic syndrome

A
  • membranous nephropathy

- focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS)

23
Q

What is a major risk factor for membranous nephropathy?

A

hepatitis B infection

24
Q

HBsAG - positive
HBeAg - negative
anti-HBsAg antibody -negative

A

active hepatitis B infection

25
Q

What infection is focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) most often associated with?

A

HIV

26
Q

What are the clinical features of nephritic syndrome

A
  • hypertension
  • oliguria
  • hematuria
  • proteinuria
  • casts
27
Q

what are the most common paediatric aetiologies of nephritic syndrome?

A
  • poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis

- hemolytic uremic syndrome

28
Q

What are the most common adult aetiologies of nephritic syndrome?

A
  • IgA nephropathy
  • membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
  • crescentic glomerulonephritis
29
Q

What is the mechanism of birth control of ulipristal?

A
  • delays follicular rupture
  • inhibits ovulation
  • impairs implantation
30
Q

What are the clinical features of iron poisoning?

A
  • abdominal pain
  • vomiting
  • diarrhea
  • hypotensive shock
  • metabolic acidosis
  • radiopaque pills
  • anion gap metabolic acidosis
  • gastric scarring
31
Q

What is the treatment for iron poisoning?

A
  • whole bowel irrigation
  • deferoxamine
  • supportive care for circulation, airway and breathing
32
Q

Clinical features of overdose with vitamin A

A
  • nausea
  • vomiting
  • blurry vision
  • chronic - increased intracranial pressure
33
Q

what is trichotillomania?

A

hair-pulling disorder

34
Q

what is the treatment for trichotillomania?

A

CBT

35
Q

What defining features of homocystinuria differentiate it from Marfan syndrome?

A
  • developmental delay
  • fair skin and eyes
  • thromboembolic events
36
Q

What causes homocystinuria?

A

cystathionine synthase deficiency leading to increased levels of methionine and homocysteine

37
Q

What is the treatment for homocystinuria?

A
  • vitamin B6, folate and vitamine B12 to lower homocysteine levels
  • antiplatelets or anticoagulation to prevent stroke, coronary heart disease, venous thromboembolic disease
38
Q

What is the inheritance pattern of lesch-nyhan syndrome?

A

x-linked recessive

39
Q

What is the cause of leech-nyhan syndrome?

A

Deficiency in hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT) resulting in increased uric acid

40
Q

What are clinical features of leech-nyhan syndrome?

A
  • hypotonia
  • vomiting
  • progressive mental retardation
  • choreoathetosis
  • spasticity
  • dysarthric speech
  • dystonia
  • compulsive self-injury
  • gouty arthritis
  • tophus formation
41
Q

What is the treatment for leech-nyhan syndrome?

A

allopurrinol

42
Q

What are the classic respiratory features of cystic fibrosis?

A
  • digital clubbing
  • nasal polyps
  • recurrent sinopulmonary infections

Pediatrics (12 decks)

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