Neonatology

Question 1

thick, white, creamy material found in term infants;
it cover s large areas of the skin in preterm infants. It is usually absent in
post term infants

Answer 1

Vernix caseosa

Question 2

mottling of the skin with venous prominence

Answer 2

cutis marmorata

Question 3

When is jaundice abnormal in the neonatal period

Answer 3

Abnormal if detected within the first 24 hours of birth

Question 4

small cysts found around the pilosebacous follicles, which appear as tiny, whitish papillose that are seen over the nose, cheeks, forehead, and chin. Disappear within a few weeks and do not require treatment

Answer 4

milia

Question 5

Dark blue hyperpigmeded macules over the lumbosacral area and buttocks of no pathologic significance.

Answer 5

Mongolian spots

Question 6

benign transient rash characterized by small, dry superficial vesicles over a dark macular base. common in african american infants.

Answer 6

pustular melanosis

Question 7

Benign rash seen most frequently in the first 72 hours after birth, characterized by erythematous macules, papules, and pustules (resembling flea bites) on the trunk and extremities but not on the palms and soles. Lesions are filled with eosinophils.

Answer 7

erythema toxicum neonatorum

Question 8

What is the most common vascular lesion of infancy?

Answer 8

nevus simplex (a.k.a salmon patch). Occurs in 30-40% of newborns and appearing as a pink macular lesion on the nape of the neck, upper eyelids, global, or nasolabial region.

Question 9

congenital vascular malformation composed of dilated capillary-like vessels that may be located over the face or trunk and may become darker with increasing postnatal age.

Answer 9

nevus flammeus

Question 10

benign proliferative vascular tumors occurring in approximately 10% of infants. First noticed a few days after birth, they increase in size after birth and usually resolve within 18-24 months.

Answer 10

strawberry hemangiomas

Question 11

appears after 1-2 wks of life and never present after birth. Comedones, but inflammatory pustules and papules may be present.

Answer 11

neonatal acne

Question 12

diffuse edema or swelling of the soft tissues of the scalp that crosses the cranial sutures and usually the midline

Answer 12

caput succadeneum

Question 13

subperiosteal hemorrhages secondary to birth trauma confined and limited by the cranial sutures, usually involving the parietal or occipital bones

Answer 13

cephalohematomas

Question 14

soft areas of the skull with a ping-pong ball feel. May occur in the parietal bones and are not related to rickets. Usually disappear within weeks or months

Answer 14

craniotabes

Question 15

What would an abnormal red reflex tell us?

Answer 15

possible congenital cataracts, glaucoma, retinoblastoma, severe chorioretinitis.

Question 16

How can choanal atresia be excluded?

Answer 16

passing a nasogastric tube through each nostril

Question 17

characteristics of Pierre Robin syndrome

Answer 17

• cleft palate
• glossoptosis (downward displacement or retraction of the tongue)
• micrognathia
• obstruction of the upper airway

Question 18

epstein pearls

Answer 18

small, white epidermoid-mucoid cysts found on the hard palate, which usually disappear within a few weeks

Question 19

pectus carinatum

Answer 19

prominent and bulging sternum

Question 20

pectus excavatum

Answer 20

depressed sternum

Question 21

What RR is considered “tachypnea” for a newborn

Answer 21

> 60 breaths/min

Question 22

What is the normal HR for a newborn baby?

Answer 22

95-180 beats/min

Question 23

What does diminished femoral pulses tell us?

Answer 23

consider coarctation of the aorta

Question 24

what does increased femoral pulses tell us?

Answer 24

consider patent ductus arteriosus

Question 25

How many vessels each, of the vein and artery should be present in the umbilical cord?

Answer 25

2 arteries, 1 vein

Question 26

What does the presence of one umbilical artery suggest?

Answer 26

congenital renal anomalies

Question 27

Urine draining from the umbilicus is a sign of _______

Answer 27

persistent urachus - fistular between the bladder and umbilicus

Question 28

when should the first meconium pass in a newborn?

Answer 28

within the first 24-48 hours

Question 29

When should the testes spontaneously descend in a baby with cryptorchidism

Answer 29

12 months

Question 30

What might an absence or hypoplasia of the radius be associated with?

Answer 30

• Faconi anemia
• TAR syndrome (thrombocytopenia absent radii)
• holt-oram syndrome

Question 31

What is considered pre-term?

Answer 31

< 37 weeks

Question 32

What is considered post-term?

Answer 32

42 weeks or more

Question 33

What is considered small for gestational age? SGA

Answer 33

weight < 5th percentile

Question 34

what is considered large for gestational age?

Answer 34

weight > 90th percentile. Different from high birth weight which is weight > 4000g

Question 35

What are causes of increased weight and LGA?

Answer 35

• maternal diabetes
• beckwith-wiedemann syndrome
• Prader-Willi syndrome
• nesidioblastosis

Question 36

What are the 5 T’s of congenital heart disease?

Answer 36

1) tetralogy of Fallot
2) transposition of the great vessels
3) truncus arteriosus
4) tricuspid atresia
5) total anomalous pulmonary venous connection