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med term > Random - Ch 3 > Flashcards

Random - Ch 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Flexion

A

bending a joint

decreasing angle

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2
Q

Extension

A

straightening a joint

increasing the angle

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3
Q

Hyperextension

A

excessive extension beyond anatomical position

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4
Q

Adduction

A

towards the midline

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5
Q

abduction

A

away from midline

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6
Q

pronation

A

turning arm or foot

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7
Q

supination

A

turning arm or foot upwards

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8
Q

retraction

A

moving part backwards

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9
Q

protraction

A

moving part forwards

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10
Q

elevation

A

raising a part

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11
Q

depression

A

lowering a part

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12
Q

rotation

A

turning on single axis

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13
Q

circumduction

A

circular motion of hip or shoulder

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14
Q

external rotation

A

rotation of the hip or shoulder away from the midline

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15
Q

Internal Rotation

A

rotation of the hip or shoulder towards the midline

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16
Q

Lateral Flexion

A

side-bending left or right

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17
Q

Inversion

A

turning sole of foot inwards

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18
Q

Eversion

A

turning sole of the foot outwards

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19
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

ankle movement bringing foot towards shin

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20
Q

Plantarflexion

A

ankle movement pointing foot downwards

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21
Q

radial deviation

A

movement of wrist towards the radial or lateral side

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22
Q

Ulnar deviation

A

movement of wrist towards ulna or medial side

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23
Q

Opposition

A

movement of thumb across palm of hand

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24
Q

What do teeth anchor into?

A

Alveolar Margins

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25
Q

What is the first bone of the eye?

A

Lacrimal

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26
Q

What is the external acoustic meatus

A

the hole from the inner to middle ear

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27
Q

What does the mastoid process contain

A

an abundance of air cells

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28
Q

What is Cleft Lip

A

as the skull forms in utero, the maxilla and palatine bone DO NOT come together.

therefore, the liquid baby intakes will go out thru the nose

Surgery and a nasogastric tube is required

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29
Q

What is the external occipital protuberance

A

The bony portion of the occipital bone

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30
Q

What do paranasal sinuses do?

A

Give resonance and amplifcation to the voice

lighten the skull

31
Q

Describe the color of mucus?

A

Clear = no infection i
Clear or white with infection = viral infection

Yellow or green = infection, especially if temperature is present

32
Q

What is the hyoid bone?

A

The movable base for the tongue that does not articulate

33
Q

Describe the fetal skull?

A

Will be large in comparison to the infants total body length

Contains Fontanelles

34
Q

What is a fontanelle?

A

fibrous membrane connecting to the cranial bone allowing the brain to grow.

Converts to bone within 24 months

35
Q

What information can a fontanelle give?

A

Bulging = CSF has increased within the ventricle

Sunken = dehydration _ decreased hematocrit

36
Q

Describe the shape of the spine?

A

Cervical - Concave
Thoracic - Convex
Lumbar - Concave
Sacrum - Convex

C1 = Atlas 
C2 = Axis
37
Q

What should you look for in scoliosis?

A

Shoulder symmetry

38
Q

What do false ribs do?

A

Protect the kidney

39
Q

Describe CPR

A

done at the location of the gladioluses is

put dominant hand on the bottom and the other on the top. the cartilage prevents the ribs from breaking

push 2.5 inches or 1/3 of the diagram of the thoracic cage

40
Q

What is compartment syndrome?

A

When cartilage is stuck in the acromioclavicular joint.

41
Q

What are two diseases associated with the humerus?

A

Tennis Elbow or Lateral Epicondylitis

Golferś Elbow or Medial Epicondylitis

require rest, ice antiinflammatory

42
Q

Obturator Foramen

A

opening in hip between pubis and ischium

larger in males

43
Q

Pelvic Inlet

A

between the lesser and greater pelvis

oval shaped in women for childbirth

44
Q

Spina Bifida

A

a neural tube defect

due to low folic acid diet

45
Q

Folic Acid

A

found in green leafy vegetables
do not exceed a diet of greater than 1/8 meat as 1/8 or 4 of our teeth are canines

400 mg daily for pregnant women

46
Q

Intraosseous Infusion

A

Due to vascular collapse and shock

Injected into the medullary canal

47
Q

PCA

A

patient controlled analgesia

48
Q

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate

A

ESR

rate at which plasma seperates out

if it is greater than 10 hours, it is indicative of infection

one hour and 30 mm is also significant

49
Q

Describe medication for Hip Replacement

A

acetimanophen or tynelol
122 (strength) vs 500 (extra strength)

Q6H

50
Q

What is ibuprofen and how much should be given?

A

Advil or Motrin

200 to 400 ML

51
Q

NSAIDS

A

nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

e. g. ibuprofen
e. g. aleve (naproxen sodium) given once every 12 hours

52
Q

Why is taking steroid based drugs bad?

A

We produce our own steroids from the adrenal gland on the top o the kidney

53
Q

Describe the functions of the adrenal gland?

A

Sugar: the outside of the adrenal gland is the CORTEX which releases glucocorticoids or sugar

Salt: inside is the MEDULLA which releases mineralocorticoids or salt

The adrenal gland releases Androgens which are sex hormones

54
Q

Exogenous

A

outside source

55
Q

What medication if patient is in severe pain?

A

Morphine
Percocets
Fentanyl for most severe

56
Q

Normal RR?

A

15 to 20

57
Q

Describe overdose

A

Decreased RR because the strong medication decreases the respiratory center in the brain stem

Decreased oxygen and hypoxic

Irritable foci in the brain which send signals and cause seizures through a TONIC-CLONIC reaction

Need detox or rehab

Narcane is given

58
Q

What is a DEA

A

drug enforcement admistration

59
Q

What are the ephysises coated with?

A

hyaline

articular cartilage

60
Q

Describe intramembranous bone formation

A

begin as sheet like layers of connective tissue

61
Q

Describe endochondral bone formation

A

begin as masses of cartilage

are longer

62
Q

Describe intramembranous oscillation

A

layers of connective tissue appear at the site of future bones
osteoblasts deposit a bony matrix

63
Q

Describe endochodrial ossification

A

cartilage develops
periosteum develops
compact bone develops

64
Q

osteocytes

A

mature bone cell

65
Q

What are the ossification centers

A

the diaphysis is the primary ossification center

the epiphysis is the secondary ossification center

66
Q

Describe bone growth and development

A

stops when the ossification centers of the epiphysis and diaphysis meet
and the epiphyseal plate ossified

done by 25

67
Q

What is bone remodeling imapcted by

A

nutrition
sunlight
hormonal
physical exercise

68
Q

What effects bone growth

A
  1. the absence of vitamin D causes calcium to not be absorbed in the small intestine.

this causes softening of the bone (rickets, osteomalacia)

  1. vitamin A is required for osteoclast and blast.

lack of slows down development

  1. vitamin C is necessary for collagen synthesis

a lack of causes slender and fragile bones

  1. growth hormone from ANT pituitary gland
decreased = dwarfasim
increased = gigantism or acromegaly
  1. male and female sex hormones promote formation of bone tissue
69
Q

What are the steps of a repair of a broken bone

A
  1. hematoma formation
    = blood vessels are ruptured to form a hematoma between broken bones.
  2. Fibrocartilage Callus Formation
    = capillaries form in the clotted blood in the damaged area. The connective tissue forms fibrocartilage callus tissue which closes the gap between broken bones.
  3. Bony Callus Formation
    = replaces fibrocartilage callus with spongy bone. osteoclasts and osteoblasts move to area.
  4. bone remodeling
    = callus is remodeled and shape of bone returns to normal
70
Q

deep fracture

A

the broken bone portion is pushed inward

71
Q

hemopoisesis

A

process of blood cell formation in the

  1. yolk sac
  2. liver and spleen
  3. red bone marrow
72
Q

Describe the storage of inorganic salts

A

most common = CaPo4 or calcium salt

regulated by hormones from the thyroid and parathyroid glands

stored in intracellular matrix,

also stores: mg, an, k and co3

73
Q

how can you prevent osteoporosis

A

risk group - white women and postmenopause

1000-1500 calcium mg
older women need estrogen

med term (9 decks)

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