Random - Ch 3 Flashcards
1
Q
Flexion
A
bending a joint
decreasing angle
2
Q
Extension
A
straightening a joint
increasing the angle
3
Q
Hyperextension
A
excessive extension beyond anatomical position
4
Q
Adduction
A
towards the midline
5
Q
abduction
A
away from midline
6
Q
pronation
A
turning arm or foot
7
Q
supination
A
turning arm or foot upwards
8
Q
retraction
A
moving part backwards
9
Q
protraction
A
moving part forwards
10
Q
elevation
A
raising a part
11
Q
depression
A
lowering a part
12
Q
rotation
A
turning on single axis
13
Q
circumduction
A
circular motion of hip or shoulder
14
Q
external rotation
A
rotation of the hip or shoulder away from the midline
15
Q
Internal Rotation
A
rotation of the hip or shoulder towards the midline
16
Q
Lateral Flexion
A
side-bending left or right
17
Q
Inversion
A
turning sole of foot inwards
18
Q
Eversion
A
turning sole of the foot outwards
19
Q
Dorsiflexion
A
ankle movement bringing foot towards shin
20
Q
Plantarflexion
A
ankle movement pointing foot downwards
21
Q
radial deviation
A
movement of wrist towards the radial or lateral side
22
Q
Ulnar deviation
A
movement of wrist towards ulna or medial side
23
Q
Opposition
A
movement of thumb across palm of hand
24
Q
What do teeth anchor into?
A
Alveolar Margins
25
What is the first bone of the eye?
Lacrimal
26
What is the external acoustic meatus
the hole from the inner to middle ear
27
What does the mastoid process contain
an abundance of air cells
28
What is Cleft Lip
as the skull forms in utero, the maxilla and palatine bone DO NOT come together.
therefore, the liquid baby intakes will go out thru the nose
Surgery and a nasogastric tube is required
29
What is the external occipital protuberance
The bony portion of the occipital bone
30
What do paranasal sinuses do?
Give resonance and amplifcation to the voice
lighten the skull
31
Describe the color of mucus?
Clear = no infection i
Clear or white with infection = viral infection
Yellow or green = infection, especially if temperature is present
32
What is the hyoid bone?
The movable base for the tongue that does not articulate
33
Describe the fetal skull?
Will be large in comparison to the infants total body length
Contains Fontanelles
34
What is a fontanelle?
fibrous membrane connecting to the cranial bone allowing the brain to grow.
Converts to bone within 24 months
35
What information can a fontanelle give?
Bulging = CSF has increased within the ventricle
Sunken = dehydration _ decreased hematocrit
36
Describe the shape of the spine?
Cervical - Concave
Thoracic - Convex
Lumbar - Concave
Sacrum - Convex
```
C1 = Atlas
C2 = Axis
```
37
What should you look for in scoliosis?
Shoulder symmetry
38
What do false ribs do?
Protect the kidney
39
Describe CPR
done at the location of the gladioluses is
put dominant hand on the bottom and the other on the top. the cartilage prevents the ribs from breaking
push 2.5 inches or 1/3 of the diagram of the thoracic cage
40
What is compartment syndrome?
When cartilage is stuck in the acromioclavicular joint.
41
What are two diseases associated with the humerus?
Tennis Elbow or Lateral Epicondylitis
Golferś Elbow or Medial Epicondylitis
require rest, ice antiinflammatory
42
Obturator Foramen
opening in hip between pubis and ischium
larger in males
43
Pelvic Inlet
between the lesser and greater pelvis
oval shaped in women for childbirth
44
Spina Bifida
a neural tube defect
| due to low folic acid diet
45
Folic Acid
found in green leafy vegetables
do not exceed a diet of greater than 1/8 meat as 1/8 or 4 of our teeth are canines
400 mg daily for pregnant women
46
Intraosseous Infusion
Due to vascular collapse and shock
Injected into the medullary canal
47
PCA
patient controlled analgesia
48
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
ESR
rate at which plasma seperates out
if it is greater than 10 hours, it is indicative of infection
one hour and 30 mm is also significant
49
Describe medication for Hip Replacement
acetimanophen or tynelol
122 (strength) vs 500 (extra strength)
Q6H
50
What is ibuprofen and how much should be given?
Advil or Motrin
| 200 to 400 ML
51
NSAIDS
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
e. g. ibuprofen
e. g. aleve (naproxen sodium) given once every 12 hours
52
Why is taking steroid based drugs bad?
We produce our own steroids from the adrenal gland on the top o the kidney
53
Describe the functions of the adrenal gland?
Sugar: the outside of the adrenal gland is the CORTEX which releases glucocorticoids or sugar
Salt: inside is the MEDULLA which releases mineralocorticoids or salt
The adrenal gland releases Androgens which are sex hormones
54
Exogenous
outside source
55
What medication if patient is in severe pain?
Morphine
Percocets
Fentanyl for most severe
56
Normal RR?
15 to 20
57
Describe overdose
Decreased RR because the strong medication decreases the respiratory center in the brain stem
Decreased oxygen and hypoxic
Irritable foci in the brain which send signals and cause seizures through a TONIC-CLONIC reaction
Need detox or rehab
Narcane is given
58
What is a DEA
drug enforcement admistration
59
What are the ephysises coated with?
hyaline
| articular cartilage
60
Describe intramembranous bone formation
begin as sheet like layers of connective tissue
61
Describe endochondral bone formation
begin as masses of cartilage
are longer
62
Describe intramembranous oscillation
layers of connective tissue appear at the site of future bones
osteoblasts deposit a bony matrix
63
Describe endochodrial ossification
cartilage develops
periosteum develops
compact bone develops
64
osteocytes
mature bone cell
65
What are the ossification centers
the diaphysis is the primary ossification center
| the epiphysis is the secondary ossification center
66
Describe bone growth and development
stops when the ossification centers of the epiphysis and diaphysis meet
and the epiphyseal plate ossified
done by 25
67
What is bone remodeling imapcted by
nutrition
sunlight
hormonal
physical exercise
68
What effects bone growth
1. the absence of vitamin D causes calcium to not be absorbed in the small intestine.
this causes softening of the bone (rickets, osteomalacia)
2. vitamin A is required for osteoclast and blast.
lack of slows down development
3. vitamin C is necessary for collagen synthesis
a lack of causes slender and fragile bones
4. growth hormone from ANT pituitary gland
```
decreased = dwarfasim
increased = gigantism or acromegaly
```
5. male and female sex hormones promote formation of bone tissue
69
What are the steps of a repair of a broken bone
1. hematoma formation
= blood vessels are ruptured to form a hematoma between broken bones.
2. Fibrocartilage Callus Formation
= capillaries form in the clotted blood in the damaged area. The connective tissue forms fibrocartilage callus tissue which closes the gap between broken bones.
3. Bony Callus Formation
= replaces fibrocartilage callus with spongy bone. osteoclasts and osteoblasts move to area.
4. bone remodeling
= callus is remodeled and shape of bone returns to normal
70
deep fracture
the broken bone portion is pushed inward
71
hemopoisesis
process of blood cell formation in the
1. yolk sac
2. liver and spleen
3. red bone marrow
72
Describe the storage of inorganic salts
most common = CaPo4 or calcium salt
regulated by hormones from the thyroid and parathyroid glands
stored in intracellular matrix,
also stores: mg, an, k and co3
73
how can you prevent osteoporosis
risk group - white women and postmenopause
1000-1500 calcium mg
older women need estrogen
