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med term > Random - Ch 1/2 > Flashcards

Random - Ch 1/2 Flashcards

1
Q

What does it mean to be cyanotic

A

low perfusion and low oxygenation (hypoxemic)

occurs when there is an airway obstruction

circumoral cyanosis = blue discoloration around the mouth

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2
Q

What do you test for in Red Blood Cells

A

H+H or Hemoglobin and Hematocrit

low H and H indicate anemia

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3
Q

What is an Erythema

A

Redness (Objective)

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4
Q

What is Pruritus

A

Itching (Subjective)

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5
Q

What is a Wheal

A

Bump (mosquito bite)

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6
Q

What is tuberculosis tested with?

A

sputum

chest x-ray

blood test (quantiferon gold)

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7
Q

What does PPD mean?

A

Purified protein derivative Test

.1 mL PPD is injected into the skin subdermally

important to look for a wheel (which is measured)

A PPD test will be positive if you have received the BCG vaccine

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8
Q

What bacteria is TB

A

bacilli

Rod-shaped and forms spores
spores create a wall and make

it harder to treat with antibiotics

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9
Q

What is an example of the diplococcus

A

gonorrhea

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10
Q

Describe Streptococcus

A

a long chain

This leads to autoimmune disorders

May lead to PANDAS (Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal infections)

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11
Q

How long does TB treatment last

A

6 months (3 meds, two months each)

Most patients feel better and stop within 2 weeks; but, they are only asymptomatic not treated)

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12
Q

How do antibiotics treat TB?

A

Target cells and lyse the bacteria when in the blood system

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13
Q

What is a CBC with Diff?

A

Differential complete blood count

Helps break things down into subcomponents easier

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14
Q

Describe the X-Ray view for Tuberculosis

A

PA or posterior-anterior view

When you breathe, the image itself turns black whereas the bones turn white

Look for the TB in the form of a rounded cluster of Bacilli

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15
Q

Describe an aneurysm

A

Are measured through an angiogram (exceeding 5 mm is a requirement for surgery)

Must keep BP low as it may cause hemorrhagic shock

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16
Q

What is an AAA

A

Triple-A

abdominal aortic aneurysm

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17
Q

What is a melanoma

A

A form of skin cancer that is serious and highly metastatic

Causes lesions at the nose, foot, and ear

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18
Q

What is Melena

A

Black Stool

Cause by drinking or eating peptobymsal

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19
Q

What is a black tongue?

A 
Pepto Bismol (due to oxidation)
Upper GI bleed
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20
Q

What are the parts of the Small Intest. In Order

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

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21
Q

What is the Normal WBC count? RBC count?

A

5,000-10,000 mm3 or ml3

4.2 million - 6.1 million mm3 or ml3

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22
Q

What are 4 types of WBC?

A

Eosinophils
basophils
lymphocytes
monocytes

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23
Q

What is leukopenia

A

Low WBC count

Due to problems in the bone marrow

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24
Q

What is leukocytosis?

A

Having a very high WBC count

Infection

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25
Q

What does a lack of iodine lead to

A

Thyroid issues

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26
Q

What is Exophthalmos?

A

eyes building forward

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27
Q

What is a Goiter

A

Enlarged thyroid

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28
Q

What is the Thyroid’s main function?

A

Metabolism

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29
Q

What is the difference between hypo and hyperthyroid?

A

Hypothyroid = slow metabolic rate and bowel rate; feel cold and bradycardia

Hyperthyroid = fast metabolic rate and frequent bowel movement; feel hot and tachycardia

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30
Q

How can you give an examination of the Thyroid?

A
  1. Use palpation (posterior or anterior)
  2. It will typically be nonpalpable
  3. Conduct an interview
  4. Push right to left and vice versa on the neck for nodules
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31
Q

What is one cause of thyroid cancer?

A

High levels of toxins

Children must be tested for lead with a blood test

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32
Q

What may contribute to breast cancer?

A

DDT; a chemical compound and pesticide

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33
Q

How are high levels of lead treated?

A

Chelation Therapy

It binds to the lead and is excreted

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34
Q

What step is taken after a thyroidectomy?

A

Hormone replacement therapy

Specifically due to the parathyroid (which has a role in calcium regulation)

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35
Q

Describe the connection between TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) and T3/T4

A

If t3/t4 is low, the brain (anterior pituitary) sends a message to secrete more TSH (hypo)
If t3/t4 is high, the brain sends a message to stop the production of TSH (hyper)

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36
Q

Describe diabetics and necrosis?

A

May have gangrene (most likely on the foot)
Gangrene causes nerve and vascular damage (due to high glucose)
This leads to an amputation
This is why diabetics should NOT cut their toenails and SHOULD wear closed slippers
Should examine feet every day
One small cut can cause a cascade of lack of blood
Results in necrotic tissue which has to be removed

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37
Q

What is the difference between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes

A

Type 1 is IDDM

Take insulin and check glucose typically before meals and at bedtime

Type 2 IS NIDDM

Need to diet, exercise, and take by mouth medication
Cannot take oral medication if pregnant (must take insulin)

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38
Q

What is the typical blood sugar and insulin ratio?

A

150-200 is 24
201-250 is 34
251-300 is 44

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39
Q

What do diabetics need?

A

HgA1C
Tells about 3 months of patients glucose
>7 is not good

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40
Q

What are the types of insulin?

A

Long-acting (overnight)

Can’t give on an empty stomach

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41
Q

What is Jaundice?

A

The yellow discoloration of the skin, due to liver issues

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42
Q

Describe bile and jaundice?

A

If gallstones get stuck, the bile (which emulsifies fat) will continue to produce and the bilirubin count will increase
The patient will become yellow and have yellow eyes and yellow mucous membranes

43
Q

What is the medical term for yellow eyes?

A

Icteric

44
Q

What is the alimentary canal?

A 
The passage through which food is passed 
Includes esophagus, stomach, small intestine, etc…
The ileum (the last part of the small intestine) attaches to the large intestine via the ileocecal valve on the left side.
45
Q

What are the parts of the large intestine?

A 
Ascending
Transverse
Descending
Sigmoid
Rectum 
Anus
46
Q

Why can a baby have jaundice?

A

When a baby is born, the cutting of the umbilical cord may push cord blood into them. The overload of volume paired with the RBC and spleen not working at a fast rate, turns the skin yellow/

There may be high bilirubin, which can be corrected with ball lights

Pathological Jaundice due to blood incompatibility or liver disease.

47
Q

What is the medical term for appendix?

A

Vermiform appendix
Located in the right lower quadrant
Vermiform is german for worm
Part of the lymphatic system as it is lymphoid tissue

48
Q

What is an autologous transplant?

A

From self

Done with cord blood that is saved for precaution

49
Q

What is FSH?

A

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

Stimulates you to release eggs (from the pit. gland)

50
Q

What does Estrogen do?

A

Act as a cardiac protectant

51
Q

Name some organs in the four quadrants?

A

RUQ

The right lobe of the liver
Gallbladder
Produces bile to emulsify fat
Transverse colon + Ascending colon

RLQ

Cecum
Vermiform Appendix

LUQ

Left lobe of the liver
Stomach
Spleen 
Duodenum 
Pancreas
Descending colon

LLQ

Small Intestine
Rectum
Anus

52
Q

How can you listen to bowel sounds?

A

Listen to the ileocecal valve

Will hear a whooshing sound for 3-5 seconds

53
Q

What is a hysterectomy with Bilateral-salpingo-oophorectomy?

A

Total hysterectomy + both ovaries and fallopian tubes

54
Q

Why should a fetus be high in the uterus?

A

Need room for the placenta

55
Q

Why would a 1st-trimester miscarriage occur?

A

The fetus is developing incorrectly

Would have been unsustainable pregnancy

56
Q

What are the 4 types of burns?

A

Epidermis (First Degree)
Dermis (Second Degree)
Hypodermis/Subcutaneous (3rd Degree)
Muscle and Bone (4th Degree)

57
Q

Describe a 1st degree burn?

A

Capillary refill in 2-3 seconds

Is pink

58
Q

Describe 2nd-degree burns?

A

blisters (blisters and sunburn)

do not pop the blister as it is part of the protective barrier

59
Q

Describe a 3rd degree burn?

A

contains fat or adipose

caused by the actual fire

60
Q

What is the rule of 9s?

A

Divides the body into segments to determine how much of the body is burn covered

61
Q

Describe what happens after a large burn?

A

The body pushes fluid from the cardiovascular system into the muscle and bone (to equilibrate). This fluid includes plasma (nutrients, hormones, fibrinogen, and water)
The blood gets thicker or increases the volume (blood viscosity)
Blood volume and blood pressure decrease
The Heart pumps harder making heart rate rise
The patient goes into hypovolemic shock
Can give IV fluid, plasma
If the patient is isotonic=.9% NaCl
If the patient is hypotonic =.45% NaCl
If the patient is hypertonic = 05 with.45% NaCl

62
Q

What are the vital signs?

A 
Temperature 
Respiration 
Blood Pressure
Heart Rate 
Pain 
Oxygen Saturation
63
Q

Describe temperature

A 
Core = 36.6 to 37.5 
Oral = 35.5 to 37.5 (p.o)
Rectal = 36.6 to 38 (most accurate)
Temporal artery = 35 
Axillary = 34.7 to 37.3 
Tympanic = in the eardrum (tympanic membrane)

Body temperature should be 98
Peak =high
Troph = lowest

Below 93 or higher than 106 are temperature thresholds

Viral infections have a higher temperature than a bacterial infection

64
Q

Describe respiration

A

Should be 16-20 in adults

High = tachypnea
Low =  bradypnea
65
Q

Describe blood pressure

A

Is systolic/diastolic or contraction of maximum left ventricle/pressure when ventricles are at rest

Regulated by the kidneys

African Americans are most at risk for hypertension

66
Q

Describe Heart Rate

A

Should be 60-90; 91-99 is a gray
Tachycardia = above 100
Bradycardia = below 60

Can be measured for 30 seconds, except Apex (60 seconds)

67
Q

What are the levels of blood pressure

A 
Normal = below 120, below 80
Elevated = 120-129,  below 80 
HPN (1) = 130-139, 80-90 
HPN (2) = above 1140, above 90 
HPN Crsis = above 180, above 120 
Hypotension = below 90, below 60
68
Q

What is a hemorrhagic CVA

A 
Results in slurred speech
Facial droop
Motor weakness
Blurred vision
Pronator drift 
Need a cat scan of head w/o contrast as it may leak into the brain

Is contralateral

69
Q

Describe pain

A 
Is measured with 1-10 (adults) or with donna wong faces pain scale 
If pain is 0-2 (give nothing)
3-5 (Tylenol 2) (325 mg each)
6-8 (Percocet every 6 hours)
9-10 (MSO4)
70
Q

What is Percocet

A

A mixture of 5 mL oxycodone and 325 ml Tylenol).

71
Q

What is a PCA

A

Patient Controlled Analgesia
Can click for medication
Does have lockout time and is tracked

72
Q

What is SUD

A

Substance Abuse Disorder

Shivering and rigor, diaphoretic, tachycardia, pinpoint pupils, mood swings

73
Q

Describe Detox

A

7 hours in a medical environment

With benzodiazepine for seizure prevention

74
Q

What questions should you ask when someone seizes

A

When did it start
How long did it last
Did they lose bowel continence

75
Q

What is the DEA

A

Drug enforcement agency

Can track prescriptions

76
Q

What is a pulse deficit?

A

The difference between radial and apical pulse

77
Q

What are the 6 basic life processes?

A 
Metabolism
Responsiveness 
Movement
Growth
Differentiation 
Reproduction
78
Q

What is metabolism

A

Sum of all of the biochemical processes of cells, tissues, organs, and systems

79
Q

What is responsiveness

A

Detecting and responding to change in the internal and external environment

80
Q

What is movement

A

Occurs at the intracellular and extracellular level

Motion of body

81
Q

What is growth

A

The increase in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or body

82
Q

What is differentiation

A

Process a cell undergoes to develop from an unspecialized cell

83
Q

What is reproduction

A

Formation of a new cell for growth, repair, replacement, or production

84
Q

What is homeostasis

A

The equilibrium dynamic condition in response to a changing condition

Constantly disrupted by external stimuli

Mainly the nervous (quicK 0 and endocrine (systems)
Uses feedback loop

85
Q

What are some internal and external stimuli?

A

Internal = psychological stress or exercise

External - intense heat, cold, or lack of oxygen

86
Q

What do the nervous and endocrine systems do in homeostasis

A

Nervous → detect a change and send nerve impulses to counteract

Endocrine → regulate homeostasis by secreting hormones

87
Q

What are the 4 biologically important organic molecules

A

Protein → amino acid
Complex carbohydrate → simple sugar
Nucleic acid → nucleotide
Lipid → fatty acid and glycerol

88
Q

What are the components of body fluid

A

⅔ is intracellular
⅓ is extracellular
80% is interstitial fluid
20% is plasma

Women have 445% solid and 55% fluid
Men have 40% solid and 60% fluid

89
Q

What are the 3 parts of a feedback loop

A

Receptor → monitor controlled condition
The Control center → determine the next step
Effector → receive direction and produce a response that changes controlled condition

90
Q

What is primipara

A

First birth

91
Q

What are the 3 parts of labor

A

effacement and dilation

birth of baby

expulsion of placenta

92
Q

What is effacement and dilation

A

Lose the mucus plug and the cervix softens and thins

1 finger is 2 inches; 2 fingers are 4 inches, 6 fingers is 8 inches, the hand is 10 inches.

The head pushing down should cause the posterior pituitary to secrete oxytocin
= If stalling, give Pitocin (artificial oxytocin) on a regulated IV drip
= Must look for babyś heartbeat and contractions
= If there is a big constant contraction, lower the PIT drip because there is too much pressure on the uterus

93
Q

What is the birth of the bab

A

supple or breastfeeding
stimulates the uterus to contract more

Needs more oxytocin so the uterus goes down to 2 fingers above the navel (at most)

94
Q

What is the expulsion of the placenta

A

The higher the placenta the better
Low placenta means placenta previa

An abrupt placenta means the placenta birth and either the baby or mother can be saved

95
Q

What is the pulse of a neonate

A

160 with deceleration

96
Q

What is an amnioinfusion?

A

Catheter in the uterus with fluid to relieve pressure

97
Q

What are the steps before labor?

A

Mucus plug
Water breaking
Delivery within 24 hours to prevent bacterial infection
Must know how frequent contractions are

98
Q

What is hematopoietic stem cell transplantation?

A

Need dialysis 3 days per week
Are anemic as they are not producing enough erythrocytes
Get erythro shots

99
Q

Why do women have a higher chance of UTI?

A

Shorter urethra
Utiś can travel upwards and damage the kidney

Is an idiopathic disease

100
Q

What is the difference between the droplet and airborne transmission

A 
Droplet = heavier and contaminate surfaces
Airborne = spray and stay longer in the air
101
Q

What is ITP

A

Immune thrombocytopenic purpura

Low platelet count causes the purpura

Lying supine will allow for better blood flow to the kidneys
= But gives rise to nocturnal

Need splenectomy

102
Q

What is BPH

A

Benign prostatic hypertrophy

Never feel as if the bladder is empty (it is not and travels
to the kidneys)

Must do a rectal exam with Ky jelly (water-soluble) to feel the prostate gland

Before that, do a PSA (prostate-specific antigen test)

103
Q

What is an SSRI

A

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

Used for seasonal, but not situational depression

Used when serotonin is too low

How do they work
= The natural progression of serotonin is decreased
Channels are closed to make serotonin stay in the synapse

104
Q

Describe dopamine levels

A

Too much dopamine is schizophrenia (hallucination and delusion)
Too less dopamine in Parkinsons

med term (9 decks)

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