Random - Ch 1/2 Flashcards
1
Q
What does it mean to be cyanotic
A
low perfusion and low oxygenation (hypoxemic)
occurs when there is an airway obstruction
circumoral cyanosis = blue discoloration around the mouth
2
Q
What do you test for in Red Blood Cells
A
H+H or Hemoglobin and Hematocrit
low H and H indicate anemia
3
Q
What is an Erythema
A
Redness (Objective)
4
Q
What is Pruritus
A
Itching (Subjective)
5
Q
What is a Wheal
A
Bump (mosquito bite)
6
Q
What is tuberculosis tested with?
A
sputum
chest x-ray
blood test (quantiferon gold)
7
Q
What does PPD mean?
A
Purified protein derivative Test
.1 mL PPD is injected into the skin subdermally
important to look for a wheel (which is measured)
A PPD test will be positive if you have received the BCG vaccine
8
Q
What bacteria is TB
A
bacilli
Rod-shaped and forms spores
spores create a wall and make
it harder to treat with antibiotics
9
Q
What is an example of the diplococcus
A
gonorrhea
10
Q
Describe Streptococcus
A
a long chain
This leads to autoimmune disorders
May lead to PANDAS (Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal infections)
11
Q
How long does TB treatment last
A
6 months (3 meds, two months each)
Most patients feel better and stop within 2 weeks; but, they are only asymptomatic not treated)
12
Q
How do antibiotics treat TB?
A
Target cells and lyse the bacteria when in the blood system
13
Q
What is a CBC with Diff?
A
Differential complete blood count
Helps break things down into subcomponents easier
14
Q
Describe the X-Ray view for Tuberculosis
A
PA or posterior-anterior view
When you breathe, the image itself turns black whereas the bones turn white
Look for the TB in the form of a rounded cluster of Bacilli
15
Q
Describe an aneurysm
A
Are measured through an angiogram (exceeding 5 mm is a requirement for surgery)
Must keep BP low as it may cause hemorrhagic shock
16
Q
What is an AAA
A
Triple-A
abdominal aortic aneurysm
17
Q
What is a melanoma
A
A form of skin cancer that is serious and highly metastatic
Causes lesions at the nose, foot, and ear
18
Q
What is Melena
A
Black Stool
Cause by drinking or eating peptobymsal
19
Q
What is a black tongue?
A
Pepto Bismol (due to oxidation) Upper GI bleed
20
Q
What are the parts of the Small Intest. In Order
A
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
21
Q
What is the Normal WBC count? RBC count?
A
5,000-10,000 mm3 or ml3
4.2 million - 6.1 million mm3 or ml3
22
Q
What are 4 types of WBC?
A
Eosinophils
basophils
lymphocytes
monocytes
23
Q
What is leukopenia
A
Low WBC count
Due to problems in the bone marrow
24
Q
What is leukocytosis?
A
Having a very high WBC count
Infection
25
What does a lack of iodine lead to
Thyroid issues
26
What is Exophthalmos?
eyes building forward
27
What is a Goiter
Enlarged thyroid
28
What is the Thyroid's main function?
Metabolism
29
What is the difference between hypo and hyperthyroid?
Hypothyroid = slow metabolic rate and bowel rate; feel cold and bradycardia
Hyperthyroid = fast metabolic rate and frequent bowel movement; feel hot and tachycardia
30
How can you give an examination of the Thyroid?
1. Use palpation (posterior or anterior)
2. It will typically be nonpalpable
3. Conduct an interview
4. Push right to left and vice versa on the neck for nodules
31
What is one cause of thyroid cancer?
High levels of toxins
| Children must be tested for lead with a blood test
32
What may contribute to breast cancer?
DDT; a chemical compound and pesticide
33
How are high levels of lead treated?
Chelation Therapy
| It binds to the lead and is excreted
34
What step is taken after a thyroidectomy?
Hormone replacement therapy
| Specifically due to the parathyroid (which has a role in calcium regulation)
35
Describe the connection between TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) and T3/T4
If t3/t4 is low, the brain (anterior pituitary) sends a message to secrete more TSH (hypo)
If t3/t4 is high, the brain sends a message to stop the production of TSH (hyper)
36
Describe diabetics and necrosis?
May have gangrene (most likely on the foot)
Gangrene causes nerve and vascular damage (due to high glucose)
This leads to an amputation
This is why diabetics should NOT cut their toenails and SHOULD wear closed slippers
Should examine feet every day
One small cut can cause a cascade of lack of blood
Results in necrotic tissue which has to be removed
37
What is the difference between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes
Type 1 is IDDM
Take insulin and check glucose typically before meals and at bedtime
Type 2 IS NIDDM
Need to diet, exercise, and take by mouth medication
Cannot take oral medication if pregnant (must take insulin)
38
What is the typical blood sugar and insulin ratio?
150-200 is 24
201-250 is 34
251-300 is 44
39
What do diabetics need?
HgA1C
Tells about 3 months of patients glucose
>7 is not good
40
What are the types of insulin?
Long-acting (overnight)
| Can't give on an empty stomach
41
What is Jaundice?
The yellow discoloration of the skin, due to liver issues
42
Describe bile and jaundice?
If gallstones get stuck, the bile (which emulsifies fat) will continue to produce and the bilirubin count will increase
The patient will become yellow and have yellow eyes and yellow mucous membranes
43
What is the medical term for yellow eyes?
Icteric
44
What is the alimentary canal?
```
The passage through which food is passed
Includes esophagus, stomach, small intestine, etc…
The ileum (the last part of the small intestine) attaches to the large intestine via the ileocecal valve on the left side.
```
45
What are the parts of the large intestine?
```
Ascending
Transverse
Descending
Sigmoid
Rectum
Anus
```
46
Why can a baby have jaundice?
When a baby is born, the cutting of the umbilical cord may push cord blood into them. The overload of volume paired with the RBC and spleen not working at a fast rate, turns the skin yellow/
There may be high bilirubin, which can be corrected with ball lights
Pathological Jaundice due to blood incompatibility or liver disease.
47
What is the medical term for appendix?
Vermiform appendix
Located in the right lower quadrant
Vermiform is german for worm
Part of the lymphatic system as it is lymphoid tissue
48
What is an autologous transplant?
From self
| Done with cord blood that is saved for precaution
49
What is FSH?
Follicle Stimulating Hormone
| Stimulates you to release eggs (from the pit. gland)
50
What does Estrogen do?
Act as a cardiac protectant
51
Name some organs in the four quadrants?
RUQ
The right lobe of the liver
Gallbladder
Produces bile to emulsify fat
Transverse colon + Ascending colon
RLQ
Cecum
Vermiform Appendix
LUQ
```
Left lobe of the liver
Stomach
Spleen
Duodenum
Pancreas
Descending colon
```
LLQ
Small Intestine
Rectum
Anus
52
How can you listen to bowel sounds?
Listen to the ileocecal valve
| Will hear a whooshing sound for 3-5 seconds
53
What is a hysterectomy with Bilateral-salpingo-oophorectomy?
Total hysterectomy + both ovaries and fallopian tubes
54
Why should a fetus be high in the uterus?
Need room for the placenta
55
Why would a 1st-trimester miscarriage occur?
The fetus is developing incorrectly
| Would have been unsustainable pregnancy
56
What are the 4 types of burns?
Epidermis (First Degree)
Dermis (Second Degree)
Hypodermis/Subcutaneous (3rd Degree)
Muscle and Bone (4th Degree)
57
Describe a 1st degree burn?
Capillary refill in 2-3 seconds
| Is pink
58
Describe 2nd-degree burns?
blisters (blisters and sunburn)
| do not pop the blister as it is part of the protective barrier
59
Describe a 3rd degree burn?
contains fat or adipose
| caused by the actual fire
60
What is the rule of 9s?
Divides the body into segments to determine how much of the body is burn covered
61
Describe what happens after a large burn?
The body pushes fluid from the cardiovascular system into the muscle and bone (to equilibrate). This fluid includes plasma (nutrients, hormones, fibrinogen, and water)
The blood gets thicker or increases the volume (blood viscosity)
Blood volume and blood pressure decrease
The Heart pumps harder making heart rate rise
The patient goes into hypovolemic shock
Can give IV fluid, plasma
If the patient is isotonic=.9% NaCl
If the patient is hypotonic =.45% NaCl
If the patient is hypertonic = 05 with.45% NaCl
62
What are the vital signs?
```
Temperature
Respiration
Blood Pressure
Heart Rate
Pain
Oxygen Saturation
```
63
Describe temperature
```
Core = 36.6 to 37.5
Oral = 35.5 to 37.5 (p.o)
Rectal = 36.6 to 38 (most accurate)
Temporal artery = 35
Axillary = 34.7 to 37.3
Tympanic = in the eardrum (tympanic membrane)
```
Body temperature should be 98
Peak =high
Troph = lowest
Below 93 or higher than 106 are temperature thresholds
Viral infections have a higher temperature than a bacterial infection
64
Describe respiration
Should be 16-20 in adults
```
High = tachypnea
Low = bradypnea
```
65
Describe blood pressure
Is systolic/diastolic or contraction of maximum left ventricle/pressure when ventricles are at rest
Regulated by the kidneys
African Americans are most at risk for hypertension
66
Describe Heart Rate
Should be 60-90; 91-99 is a gray
Tachycardia = above 100
Bradycardia = below 60
Can be measured for 30 seconds, except Apex (60 seconds)
67
What are the levels of blood pressure
```
Normal = below 120, below 80
Elevated = 120-129, below 80
HPN (1) = 130-139, 80-90
HPN (2) = above 1140, above 90
HPN Crsis = above 180, above 120
Hypotension = below 90, below 60
```
68
What is a hemorrhagic CVA
```
Results in slurred speech
Facial droop
Motor weakness
Blurred vision
Pronator drift
Need a cat scan of head w/o contrast as it may leak into the brain
```
Is contralateral
69
Describe pain
```
Is measured with 1-10 (adults) or with donna wong faces pain scale
If pain is 0-2 (give nothing)
3-5 (Tylenol 2) (325 mg each)
6-8 (Percocet every 6 hours)
9-10 (MSO4)
```
70
What is Percocet
A mixture of 5 mL oxycodone and 325 ml Tylenol).
71
What is a PCA
Patient Controlled Analgesia
Can click for medication
Does have lockout time and is tracked
72
What is SUD
Substance Abuse Disorder
| Shivering and rigor, diaphoretic, tachycardia, pinpoint pupils, mood swings
73
Describe Detox
7 hours in a medical environment
| With benzodiazepine for seizure prevention
74
What questions should you ask when someone seizes
When did it start
How long did it last
Did they lose bowel continence
75
What is the DEA
Drug enforcement agency
| Can track prescriptions
76
What is a pulse deficit?
The difference between radial and apical pulse
77
What are the 6 basic life processes?
```
Metabolism
Responsiveness
Movement
Growth
Differentiation
Reproduction
```
78
What is metabolism
Sum of all of the biochemical processes of cells, tissues, organs, and systems
79
What is responsiveness
Detecting and responding to change in the internal and external environment
80
What is movement
Occurs at the intracellular and extracellular level
| Motion of body
81
What is growth
The increase in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or body
82
What is differentiation
Process a cell undergoes to develop from an unspecialized cell
83
What is reproduction
Formation of a new cell for growth, repair, replacement, or production
84
What is homeostasis
The equilibrium dynamic condition in response to a changing condition
Constantly disrupted by external stimuli
Mainly the nervous (quicK 0 and endocrine (systems)
Uses feedback loop
85
What are some internal and external stimuli?
Internal = psychological stress or exercise
| External - intense heat, cold, or lack of oxygen
86
What do the nervous and endocrine systems do in homeostasis
Nervous → detect a change and send nerve impulses to counteract
Endocrine → regulate homeostasis by secreting hormones
87
What are the 4 biologically important organic molecules
Protein → amino acid
Complex carbohydrate → simple sugar
Nucleic acid → nucleotide
Lipid → fatty acid and glycerol
88
What are the components of body fluid
⅔ is intracellular
⅓ is extracellular
80% is interstitial fluid
20% is plasma
Women have 445% solid and 55% fluid
Men have 40% solid and 60% fluid
89
What are the 3 parts of a feedback loop
Receptor → monitor controlled condition
The Control center → determine the next step
Effector → receive direction and produce a response that changes controlled condition
90
What is primipara
First birth
91
What are the 3 parts of labor
effacement and dilation
birth of baby
expulsion of placenta
92
What is effacement and dilation
Lose the mucus plug and the cervix softens and thins
1 finger is 2 inches; 2 fingers are 4 inches, 6 fingers is 8 inches, the hand is 10 inches.
The head pushing down should cause the posterior pituitary to secrete oxytocin
= If stalling, give Pitocin (artificial oxytocin) on a regulated IV drip
= Must look for babyś heartbeat and contractions
= If there is a big constant contraction, lower the PIT drip because there is too much pressure on the uterus
93
What is the birth of the bab
supple or breastfeeding
stimulates the uterus to contract more
Needs more oxytocin so the uterus goes down to 2 fingers above the navel (at most)
94
What is the expulsion of the placenta
The higher the placenta the better
Low placenta means placenta previa
An abrupt placenta means the placenta birth and either the baby or mother can be saved
95
What is the pulse of a neonate
160 with deceleration
96
What is an amnioinfusion?
Catheter in the uterus with fluid to relieve pressure
97
What are the steps before labor?
Mucus plug
Water breaking
Delivery within 24 hours to prevent bacterial infection
Must know how frequent contractions are
98
What is hematopoietic stem cell transplantation?
Need dialysis 3 days per week
Are anemic as they are not producing enough erythrocytes
Get erythro shots
99
Why do women have a higher chance of UTI?
Shorter urethra
Utiś can travel upwards and damage the kidney
Is an idiopathic disease
100
What is the difference between the droplet and airborne transmission
```
Droplet = heavier and contaminate surfaces
Airborne = spray and stay longer in the air
```
101
What is ITP
Immune thrombocytopenic purpura
Low platelet count causes the purpura
Lying supine will allow for better blood flow to the kidneys
= But gives rise to nocturnal
Need splenectomy
102
What is BPH
Benign prostatic hypertrophy
Never feel as if the bladder is empty (it is not and travels
to the kidneys)
Must do a rectal exam with Ky jelly (water-soluble) to feel the prostate gland
Before that, do a PSA (prostate-specific antigen test)
103
What is an SSRI
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
Used for seasonal, but not situational depression
Used when serotonin is too low
How do they work
= The natural progression of serotonin is decreased
Channels are closed to make serotonin stay in the synapse
104
Describe dopamine levels
Too much dopamine is schizophrenia (hallucination and delusion)
Too less dopamine in Parkinsons
