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med term > chapter 5 > Flashcards

chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

components of the cardiovascular system

A

heart
blood vessels
blood

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2
Q

cardiovascular

A

pertainign to the heart and the blood vessels

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3
Q

vascul

A

blood vessels

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4
Q

function of the blood

A

fluid tissue that transports oxygen and nutrients to the body tissues

return waste products from body tissues to the kidney and carry carbon dioxide back to the lungs

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5
Q

what systems are blood cells crucial in

A

immune system

endocrine system

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6
Q

the heart

A

a hollow, muscular organ located in the thoracic cavity between the lungs

size of a fist

effective pump that furnishes the power to maintain the blood flow needed throughout the entire body

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7
Q

apex

A

lower tip of the heart

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8
Q

pericardium

A

a.k.a pericardial sac

double walled membraneous sac that encloses theheart

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9
Q

membraneous

A

pertaining to membrane

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10
Q

membrane

A

thin layer of pliable tissue that covers or encloses a body part

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11
Q

parietal pericardium

A

fibrous sac that surrounds and protects the heart

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12
Q

pericardial fluid

A

found between the pericardial sac and parietal pericardium

lubricant to prevent friction as the heart beats

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13
Q

visceral pericardium

A

inner layer of the pericardium that also forms outer layer of the heart

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14
Q

epicardium

A

outer layer of the heart

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15
Q

layers of the walls of the heart

A

epicardium
myocardium
endocardium

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16
Q

epicardium

A

external layer of the heart and the inner layer of the pericardium

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17
Q

myocardium

A

middle and thickest of the heart’s three layers
beats constantly

a.k.a myocardial muscle

consists of specialized cardiac muscle tissue that is capable of the constant contraction and relaxation that creates pumping movement necessary to maintain flow of blood throughout body

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18
Q

endocardium

A

consists of epithelial tissue
inner lining of the heart

surface that comes into direct contact with blood as it is being pumped through the heart

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19
Q

what must the myocardium have

A

continuous supply of oxygen and nutrients
prompt waste removal to survive

if blood supply is disrupted, myocardium of affected area dies

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20
Q

coronary arteries

A

supply oxygen-rich blood eto the myocardium

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21
Q

veins

A

remove waste products from the myocardium

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22
Q

What are the chambers of the heart

A

left atrium, right atrium

left ventricle, right ventricle

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23
Q

atria

A

two upper chambers of the heart
divided by the interatrial septum

receiving chambers (all blood enters the heart through the chamber)

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24
Q

septum

A

the wall that separates two chambers

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25
Q

ventricles

A

two lower chambers of the heart

divided by interventricular septum

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26
Q

ventricle meaning

A

hollow chamber of the brain

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27
Q

describe the walls of the chambers of the heart

A

ventricle walls are thicker than the atria because ventricles pump blood throughout entire body

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28
Q

what happens when a valve is not working

A

blood cannot flow properly through the heart

blood is not pumped effectively to all parts of the body

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29
Q

tricuspid valve

A

control opening between right atrium and right ventricle

means having three cusps or points

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30
Q

pulmonary semilunar valve

A

located between right ventricle and pulmonary artery

shaped like half-mean

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31
Q

pulmonary

A

pertaining to the lung

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32
Q

semilunar

A

half moon

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33
Q

mitral valve

A

located left atrium and left ventricle

two cusps or points

a.k.a bicuspid valvge

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34
Q

mitral

A

shaped like bishop’s mitre (hat)

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35
Q

bicuspid

A

two cusps or points

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36
Q

aortic semilunar valve

A

located between left ventricle and the aorta

semilunar shaped

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37
Q

oxygenated

A

oxygen rich or containing adequate supply of oxygen

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38
Q

deoxygenated

A

oxygen poor or not yet congtaining an adequate supply of oxygen

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39
Q

What are the steps of blood flow

A
  1. Right atrium (RA) recieves oxygen-poor blood from all tissues (except the lungs) through superior and inferior venae cavae. Blood flows out of the RA through tricuspid valve into right ventricle
  2. RV pumps oxygen-poor blood through the pulmonary semilunar valve and into pulmonary artery (which carries it to the lungs)
  3. Left Atrium receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs through the four pulmonary veins. The blood flows out of the LA through the mitral valve and into the left ventricle.
  4. The LV receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium/ Blood flows out of the LV through the aortic semilunar valve and into the aorta, which carries it everywhere but the lungs;.
  5. oxygen-poor blood is returned by the venae cavae to the right atrium.
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40
Q

What are the two circulation systems

A

systemic and pulmonary

together they bring oxygen to the cells and remove waste products from the cells

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41
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

flow of blood only between heart and the lungs

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42
Q

pulmonary arteries

A

carry deoxygenated blood out of the right ventricle and into the lungs

only place where deoxygenated blood is in arteries not veins

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43
Q

What occurs in the lungs during pulmonary circulation

A

carbon dioxide from body is exchanged for oxygen from inhaled air

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44
Q

pulmonary veins

A

carry oxygenated blood from the lungs into the left atrium of the heart.

only place where veins carry oxygenated blood

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45
Q

systemic circulation

A

flow of blood to all parts of the body, except the lungs

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46
Q

what are the steps of systemic circulation

A
  1. oxygenated blood flows out of the left ventricle into arterial circulation
  2. veins carry deoxygenated blood into right atrium
  3. l blood flows into the pulmonary circulation before being pumped out of the heart into the arteris again
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47
Q

heartbeat

A

ability to pump blood effectively throughout the body

contraction and relaxation (beating) of the heart must occur in exact sequence

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48
Q

what is the rate and regularity of heartbeat determined by

A

electrical impulses from the nerves that stimulate the myocardium of the chambers of the heart

specialized myocardial muscles make this pumping action possible

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49
Q

Describe electrical impulses in detail

A

electrical impulses are also known as the conduction system

electrical impulses are controlled by sinoatrial (SA) node, atrioventricular (AV) node, and bundle of Histamine.

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50
Q

Sinoatrial node

A

often referred to as SA node

located in the posterior wall of the right atrium near the entrance of the superior vena cava

establishes basic rhythm and rate of the heartbeat (known as NATURAL PACEMAKER) of the heart

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51
Q

Connect sinoatrial node to electrical impulses

A

electrical impulses from the SA nod e start each wave of muscle contraction in the heart

the electrical impulse in the right atrium spreads over the muscles of both atria, causing them to contract simultaneously. this forces blood into the ventricles

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52
Q

atrioventricular node

A

AV node

impulses from SA node travel to AV node

located near the floor of the right atrium near the interatrial septum

from here, the AV node transmits the electrical impulses onward to the bundle of His (histamine)

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53
Q

bundle of His (HISS)

A

group of fibers located within the interventricular septum

fibers carry an electrical impulse to ensure the sequence of the heart contractions

these electrical impulses travel onward to the right and left ventricles and the Purkinje fibers

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54
Q

Purkinje fibers

A

named on Jan Purkyne

specialized conductive fibers located within walls of ventricles

relay electrical impulses to the cells of the ventricles
causes ventricles to contract (the ventricles contracting forces blood out of the heart and into the aorta and pulmonary arteries)

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55
Q

what does an electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG)

A

activities of the electrical conduction system of the heart can be visualized as wave movements on the monitor or electrocardiogram

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56
Q

sinus rhythm

A

refers to the normal beating of the heart

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57
Q

P Wave

A

due to stimulation or contraction of the atria

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58
Q

QRS complex

A

shows the stimulation or contraction of the ventricles

the atria relax as the ventricles contract

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59
Q

T wave

A

recovery or relexation of the ventricles

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60
Q

What are the types of blood vessels

A

arteries
capillaries
veins

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61
Q

What do the blood vessels form

A

form arterial and venous circulatory systems

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62
Q

arteries

A

large blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart to all regions of the body

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63
Q

Describe the walls of the artery

A

composed of 3 layers

makes arteries muscular and elastic so they can expand and contract with pumping beat of heart

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64
Q

endarterial

A

within an artery or pertaining to the inner portion of an artery

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65
Q

arterial blood

A

bright red in color because it is oxygen rich

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66
Q

why does blood spurt out when artery is cut

A

pumping action of the heart

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67
Q

aorta

A

largest blood vessel in the body

begins from the left ventricle of the heart and forms main truck of arterial system

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68
Q

carotid arteries

A

major arteries that carry blood upward to the head

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69
Q

common carotid artery

A

located on each side of the neck

divides into internal carotid arter

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70
Q

internal carotid artery

A

bring oxygen rich blood to brain

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71
Q

external carotid artery

A

bring blood to the face

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72
Q

what does disruption to blood flow do

A

result in stroke or brain damage

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73
Q

arterioles

A

smaller and thinner branches of the arteries that deliver blood to the capillaries

as it enters one end of the capillary bed, it is here that the rate of flow of arterial blood slows

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74
Q

capillaries

A

only one epithelial cell in thickness
smallest blood vessels

form networks of expanded vascular beds that have the important role of delivering oxygen and nutrients to the cells of the tissues

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75
Q

describe capillaries and platelets

A

capillaries slow the flow of blood to allow plasma to flow into the tissues

this allows for the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste materials within surrounding cells

after leaving the cells, 90% of this fluid (which is now oxygen poor and contains some waste products) opposite end of the capillary bed through the venules

10% of the fluid that is left behind in the tissues becomes lymph

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76
Q
A

Veins

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77
Q

veins

A

low-pressure collecting system to return oxygen-poor blood to the heart

have valves that enable blood to flow only toward heart, and prevent it from flowing away from the heart

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78
Q

venuless

A

smallest veins that joint to form larger veins

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79
Q

ules

A

small ones

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80
Q

describe the wall of veins

A

thinner and less elastic than arterial walls

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81
Q

describe venous blood flow

A

continues its flow at an increased speed as it continues to return to heart

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82
Q

venous

A

relating to or contained in the vedins

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83
Q

superficial veins

A

located near body surface

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84
Q

deep veins

A

located within tissue and away from body surface

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85
Q

venae cavae

A

two largest veins in the body

return blood into the heart

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86
Q

supeprior vena cava

A

transports blood form upper portion of the body to the heart

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87
Q

inferior vena cava

A

transport blood from lower portion of the body to the heart

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88
Q

pulse

A

rhymic pressure against walls of the artery caused by contraction of the heart

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89
Q

blood pressure

A

measurement of the amount of systolic and diastolic pressure exerted against the walls of the arteries

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90
Q

systolic pressure

A

occurs when ventricles contract

highsegt pressure agains t wall of artery

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91
Q

systole

A

contraction of the heart

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92
Q

systolic

A

pertaining to contraction phrase

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93
Q

diastolic pressure

A

occurs when ventricles are relaxed

lowest pressure against the walls of an artery

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94
Q

diastole

A

relaxation of the heart

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95
Q

diastolic

A

pertaining to the relaxation phase

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96
Q

What is blood composed of

A

55% liquid plasma

45% formed elements

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97
Q

plasma

A

straw-colored fluid that contains nutrients, hormones, and waste products

91% water
9% proteins (clotting proteins)

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98
Q

serum

A

plasma fluid after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed

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99
Q

fibrinogen and prothrombin

A

clotting proteins found in plasma

role in clot formation to control bleeding

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100
Q

formed elements of blood

A

erythrocytes
leukocytes
thrombocytes

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101
Q

erythrocytes

A

a.k.a red blood cells (RBCs)

mature RBC produced by red bone marrow

primary role of the cells is to transport oxygen to the tissues

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102
Q

HEmoglobin

A

transports oxygen

oxygen-carrying blood protein pigment of the erythrocytes

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103
Q

globin

A

protein

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104
Q

leukocyte

A

WBCs

blood cells involved in defending the body against ineffective organisms and foreign substances

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105
Q

major groups of leukocytes

A 
neutrophils
basophils 
eosinophils 
lymphocytes 
monocytes
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106
Q

neutrophils

A

formed in red bone marrow
most common type of WBC

play a major role in the immune system’s defense against pathogens (bacteria, virus, fungus) through phagocytosis

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107
Q

phagocytosis

A

process of destroying pathogens by surrounding and swallowing them

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108
Q

basophils

A

formed in red bone marrow
least common type of WBC
responsible for causing symptoms of allergies

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109
Q

Eosinophils

A

formed in red bone marrow
migrate to tissues throughout the body

destroy parasitic organisms and play a major role in allergic reactions

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110
Q

lymphocytes

A

formed in red bone marrow , in lymph nodes, and in the spleen

identify foreign substances and germs (bacteria and virus) in the body and produce antibodies that specifically target them

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111
Q

monocytes

A

formed in red bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen

provide immunological defenses against infectious organisms through phagocytosis

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112
Q

thrombocytes

A

a.k.a platelets
smallest formed elements of the blood
important role in the clotting of blood

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113
Q

thrombo

A

clot

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114
Q

Describe damage to a blood vessel and thrombocytes

A

thrombocytes are activated and become sticky

this causes thrombocytes to clump together to form a clot to stop the bleeding

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115
Q

Blood Types

A

classified according to the presense or absense of certain antigens
listed as type and Rh factor

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116
Q

antigen

A

any substance that the body regards as being foreign

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117
Q

major blood types

A

A
AB
B
O

A, AB, B are based onpresense of A and B antigens on RBC
Type O blood is when A and B antigens are absent

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118
Q

Rh Factor

A

defines presnese or absense of Rh antigen on red blood cells

named becuase thisk antigen ws first found in rhesus monkeys

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119
Q

Describe stats of Rh factor

A

85% of americans have the Rh antigen and these individuals are Rh positive

15% of Americans do not have the Rh antigen and these individuals as being Rh negative

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120
Q

why is Rh factor important

A

important consideration in cross matching blood for transfusions

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121
Q

When does RH factor cause difficulty

A

When RH positive infant is born to Rh-negative mother.

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122
Q

Blood gas

A

gas that is normally dissolved in the liquid portion of blood

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123
Q

what are the major blood gasses

A

oxygen
carbon dioxide
nitrogen

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124
Q

cardiologist

A

physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating abnormalities, diseases, and disorders of he heart

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125
Q

hematologist

A

physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating abnormalities, diseases, and disorders of blood and blood-forming tissues

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126
Q

vascular surgeon

A

physician who specializes in the diagnosis, management, and surgical treatment of disorders of blood vessels

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127
Q

congenital

A

present from or before birth

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128
Q

congenital heart defeat

A

structural abnormality caused by failure of the heart to develop normally before birth

may be present at birth, but not detected

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129
Q

coronary artery disease

A

a.k.a coronary heart disease (CHD) or ischemic heart disease

atherosclerosis of coronary arteries that reduces blood supply to the heart muscle.

creates insufficient supply of oxygen that may cause angina, myocardial infarction, or death

most common type of heart disease

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130
Q

CHD

A

coronary heart disease

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131
Q

CAD

A

coronary artery disease

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132
Q

End-stage coronary artery disease

A

characterized by unrelenting angina pain and severely limited lifestyle

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133
Q

atheroscelorisis

A

abnormal hardening and narrowing of the arteries due to buildup of cholesterol plaque on the interior walls of the artery

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134
Q

Plaque

A

found in lumen of artery

fatty deposit similar to buildup of rust inside a pipe

may protrude outward into lumen from wall of blood vessel OR protrude inward into wall of blood vessel

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135
Q

lumen

A

opening wihin vessels through which blood flows

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136
Q

atheroma

A

characteristic of atherosclerosis

deposit of plaque on or within arterial wall

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137
Q

ischemia

A

condition in which there is an insufficient supply of oxygen in the tissues due to restricted blood flow to a part of the body

138
Q

isch

A

to hold back

139
Q

emia

A

blood

140
Q

cardiac ischemia

A

lack of blood flow and oxygen to the heart muscle

141
Q

angina

A

a.k.a angina pectoris

condition in which severe episodes of chest pain occur due to an inadequate blood flow to the myocardium

due to ischemia of heart muscle

progressively worsens as blood flow continues to be compromised, and myocardial infarction occurs

142
Q

stable angina

A

occurs during exertion and resolves with rest

143
Q

unstable angina

A

occur during exertion or rest

a precursor to myocardial infarction

144
Q

myocardial infarction

A

a.k.a heart attack

occlusion or blockage of one or more coronary arteries caused by plaque buildup

Impairs the heart’s ability to pump blood throughout the body

145
Q

occlusion

A

total blockage

146
Q

infarction

A

sudden insuffiency of bood

147
Q

infarct

A

localized area of dead tissue caused by lack of blood

148
Q

necrosis

A

tissue death

Greek word for death

149
Q

Symptoms of a myocardial infarction

A

pain or pressure in middle of chest

pain may spread to back, jaw, or left arm

most individuals have mild or no symptoms

women tend to have atypical symptoms of weakness and fatigue

150
Q

Heart Failure

A

a,k.a congestive heart failure (CHF)

occur most commonly in the elderly as the heart has been weakened and damaged by other health issues

the heart is unable to pump out all of the blood that is receives (decreased pumping action) (congestion)

151
Q

congestion

A

describes a fluid buildup

152
Q

Left-sided Heart Failure

A

causes accumulation of fluid in the lungs called Pulmonary Edema

occurs because the life side of the heart (the main pumping chamber) is unable to efficiently pump oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the rest of the body

this increases pressure in the veins of the lungs and results in localized fluid accumulation

153
Q

Right-sided Heart Failure

A

result of left-sided heart failure

causes fluid buildup or edema throughout the rest of the body

the ride side of the heart is unable to efficiently pump blood throughout rest of the body

154
Q

Results of right-sided heart failure

A

first noticeable in feet or legs due to pressure of gravity

affect liver, gastrointestinal tract, arms

155
Q

cardiomegaly

A

abnormal enlargement of the heart associated with heart failure as the heart enlarges in an effort to compensate for decreased pumping ability

156
Q

carditis

A

inflammation of the heart

157
Q

endocarditis

A

inflammation of the inner lining of the heart

158
Q

abcterial endocarditis

A

inflammation of the lining or valves of the heart due to presence of bacteria in the bloodstream

one cause is bleeding during dental surgery which allows bacteria from mouth to enter bloodstream

159
Q

pericarditis

A

inflammation of the pericardium

inflammation causes accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac

excess fluid restricts movement of the heart

this reduces the ability of the heart to pump blood

160
Q

myocarditits

A

inflammation of the myocardium that develops as a rarely seen complication of a viral infection

161
Q

cardiomyopathy

A

diseases of heart muscle

162
Q

dilated cardiomyopathy

A

disease of heart muscle that causes heart to become enlarged and pump less strongly

progression is slow

163
Q

dilation

A

expansion of hollow structure

164
Q

heart murmur

A

abnormal blowing or clicking sound heard when listening to the heart of neighboring large blood vessels

caused by defective heart valves

do not require surgery unless they affect quality of life

165
Q

valvulitis

A

inflammation of heart valve

166
Q

valvular prolapse

A

abnormal protrusion of a heart valve that results in inability of valve to close completely

named after affected valve

167
Q

prolapse

A

falling or dropping down of an organ or internal part

168
Q

valvular stenosis

A

condition in which there is narrowing, stiffening, thickening, or blockage of one or more valves of the heart.

named for affected valve

169
Q

arrhythmia

A

loss of normal rhythm of heartbeat

minor, temporary, or fatal

severity of the episode depends on how much the heart’s ability to pump blood is compromised

caused by abnormality in electrical system of the heart

170
Q

asystole

A

a.k.a flat line

complete lack of electrical activity in the heart

resulting lack of heart contractions (with no blood pumping from the heart and no blood flow through the body)

need medical practitioner to certify death

171
Q

cardiac arrest

A

event in which heart abruptly stops beating or develops arrhythmia preventing it from pumping blood effectively

172
Q

sudden cardiac death

A

treatment of cardiac arrest is not provided within a few minutes

173
Q

heart block

A

congenital or acquired arrhythmia

caused by electrical signal moving through heart being partially or completely blocked from reaching the ventricles

174
Q

bradycardia

A

slow resting heart rate

less than 60 bpm

occurs when passage of electricity from top to bottom of the heart is partially or totally blocked

175
Q

tachycardia

A

abnormally rapid resting heart rate

greater than 100 beats per minute

176
Q

supraventricular tachycardia

A

SVT
paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia

episode that begins and ends abruptly during which there are very rapid and regular heartbeats that orginate at or above the AV node

177
Q

AV node

A

atrioventricular node

178
Q

Ventricular tachycardia i

A

V-tach

very rapid hearouttbeat that begins within the ventricles

potentially fatal as the heart is beating so rapidly that it is unable to adequately pump blood through the body

can be controlled with implantable caradioverter-defibrillator

179
Q

fibrillation

A

describes a potentially life-threatening fast and irregular heartbeat

atrial or ventricular

180
Q

atrial fibrillation

A

A-fib
most common type of tachycardia

normal rhythmic contraction of atria are replaced by rapid and uncontrolled twitching of muscular heart wall

causes irregular and quivering action of the atria

some of the increased electrical impulses reach the ventricles, making them contract more rapidly and less efficiently than normal

80-180 bpm or more

181
Q

ventricular fibrillation

A

V-fib

rapid, irregular, useless contractions of the ventricles

heart muscle quivers ineffectively

cause of sudden cardiac death

182
Q

Palpitation

A

pounding or racing heartbeat with or without irregularity in rhythm

associated with certain heart disorders but may occur during panic attack

183
Q

vasculitis

A

inflammation of blood vessel

multiple types
- phlebitis
= angilitis
- arteritis

184
Q

arteristis or angilitis

A

inflammation of arteries

185
Q

polyarteritis

A

form of vasculitis involving several medium and small arteries at the same time

rare but serious disease that occurs when certain immune cells attack affected arteries

186
Q

temporal arteritis

A

a.k.a giant cell arteritis

form of vasculitis that can cause headaches, visual impairment ,jaw paint, and other symptoms

diagnosed when biopsy shows the presence of abnormally large cells

187
Q

What does temporal arteritis cause

A

unlilateral or bilateral blindness

rarely - a stroke

188
Q

Angiostenosis

A

abnormal narrowing of a blood vessel

189
Q

Hemangioma

A

benign tumor of newly formed blood vessels

190
Q

Hypoperfusion

A

deficiency of blood passing through an organ or body part

191
Q

perfusion

A

flow of blood thorugh vessels of an organ

192
Q

aneurysm

A

a localized weak spot or balloon-like enlargement of wall of an artery

rupture is fatal due to rapid loss of blood

named for artery involved
- aortic, abdominal, poplitael

193
Q

arteriosclerosis

A

hardening of an artery

group of diseases characterized by thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial wall

194
Q

arteriostenosis

A

abnormal narrowing of an artery or arteries

195
Q

chronic venous insufficiency

A

a.k.a venous insufficiency

condition in which venous circulation is inadequate due to partial vein blockage or leaking of venous valves

affect feet and ankles

leakage of venous blood into tissue = discoloration of skin

196
Q

phlebitis

A

inflammation of vein

a.k.a thrombophlebitis

walls of the vein are infiltrated and clot (thrombus) is formed

occurs in superficial vein

197
Q

thrombus

A

clot

198
Q

varicose veins

A

abnormally swollen veins that usually occur in superficial veins of the legs

occurs when valves in these veins do not function properly and blood pools in the veins, causing them to enlarge

199
Q

What conditions result in blockage of blood vessel?

A

thrombosis

embolism

200
Q

thrombosis

A

abnormal condition of having a thrombus

201
Q

thrombus

A

blood clot attached to the interior wall of an artery or vein

202
Q

thrombotic occlusion

A

blocking of an artery by a thrombus

203
Q

thrombotic

A

caused by thrombus

204
Q

coronary thrombosis

A

damage to the heart muscle caused by thrombus blocking coronary artery

205
Q

coron

A

crown

206
Q

ary

A

pertaining to

207
Q

thromb

A

clot

208
Q

Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)

A

a.k.a deep venous thrombosis

condition of having a thrombus attached to the interior wall of a deep vein

a blockage may form in the legs of a bedridden patient or in someone who has remained seated too long in airplane or car

209
Q

What is the danger of a DVT?

A

the danger is that the thrombus or clot will break loose and travel to a lung where it an be fatal by causing blockage

210
Q

Embolsim

A

sudden blockage of a blood vessel by an embolus

named for causative factor (air or fat embolism)

named for location (pulmonary embolism)

211
Q

embol

A

inserted

212
Q

embolus

A
  1. foreign object
  2. quantity of air or gas
    3 bit of tissue or tumor
    circulating in the blood
213
Q

peripheral vascular disease

A

disorder of blood vessels that are located outside of the heart and brain

involve narrowing of the vessels that carry blood to the legs, arms, stomach or kidneys

214
Q

Peripheral arterial disease

A

a.k.a PAD
peripheral arterial occlusive disease

caused by atherosclerosis

common and serious affecting 20% of patients over 70 years

impaired circulation to extremities and vital organs can cause changes in skin color and temperature

associated with intermittent claudication

215
Q

How do you determine the severity of PAD?

A

compare blood pressure at the ankle with blood pressure of the arm

ankle-brachial index

216
Q

Raynaud’s Disease

A

peripheral arterial occlusive disease in which intermittent attacks are triggered by cold or stress

symptoms are due to constricted circulation:

  • pallor
  • cyanosis
  • redness of fingers and toes
217
Q

Pallor

A

paleness

218
Q

blood dyscrasia

A

any pathologic condition of the cellular elements of the blood

219
Q

Crasia

A

mixture or blending

220
Q

Hemachromatosis

A

a.k.a iron overload disease

genetic disorder in which intestines absorb too much iron

the excess iron that is absorbed enters the bloodstream and accumulates in organs, causing damage

221
Q

Chromat

A

color

222
Q

Leukopenia

A

decrease in number of disease-fighting white blood cells circulating in the blood

a.k.a low white blood cell count

patient has increased ris of developing or having difficulty fighting infection

223
Q

Polcythemia

A

abnormal increase in number of RBC in the blood due to excess production by bone marrow

224
Q

Sepsis

A

a,k.a septicemia or blood poisoning

potentially life-threatening infection that results from bacteria or another infectious organism entering the bloodstream

results in damage to multiple organ systems as the chemicals released into the body to fight the infection trigger inflammatory responses throughout the body

225
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

condition in which there is an abnormally small amount of platelets circulating

abnormal bleeding results

226
Q

Thrombocytosis

A

abnormal increase in number of platelets in circulating blood

227
Q

Hemorrhage

A

loss of large amount of blood in short time

228
Q

Transfusion Reaction

A

serious and potentially fatal complication of blood transfusion in which severe immune response occurs because patients and donated blood do not match

229
Q

Cholesterol

A

fatty substance that travels through the blood and is found in all parts of the body

comes from dietary sources or created by liver

high amounts of specific types of cholesterol leads to heart disease

230
Q

What does cholesterol aid in

A

production of cell membranes
production of some hormones
production of vitamin D

231
Q

hyperlipidemia

A

general term used to describe elevated levels of cholesterol and other faty substances in the blood

232
Q

Myelodysplastic Syndrome

A

type of cancer in which there is an insufficient production of one or more types of blood cells due to dysfunction of the bone marrow

may be a precusor to acute myeloid leukemia

233
Q

Leukemia

A

type of cancer characterized by progressive increase in number of abnormal leukocytes found in blood forming tissues, other organs, and circulating in blood

234
Q

How is leukemia named?

A

how quickly they progress and the type of white blood cell involved

most common 
= AML 
= CML
= ALL 
= CLL
235
Q

Anemia

A

lower- than - normal number of erythrocytes in the blood causing fatigue or shortness in the blood
causes fatigue and shortness of breath

severity of the condition is measured by decrease in amount of hemoglobin in blood

236
Q

What is decreased hemoglobin associated with?

A

decreased hemoglobin means the body receives less oxygen and has less energy than needed to function properly

237
Q

Aplastic Anemia

A

absence of all formed blood elements due to failure of blood cell production in the bone marrow

  • Anemia is a low RBC count resulting in fatigue and weakness
  • Leukopenia is a low WBC count resulting in increased risk of infection
  • Thrombocytopenia is a low platelet count resulting in bleeding from mucous membranes and skin
238
Q

Iron-deficiency Anemia

A

the most common form of anemia

without sufficient iron to create hemoglobin, blood cannot carry oxygen effectively

caused by

  1. blood loss
  2. poor absorption iron
  3. inadequate dietary intake of iron
239
Q

How is iron obtained

A

through food intake

recycling iron from old RBC

240
Q

Megoblastic Anemia

A

blood disorder char. by anemia in which RBC are larger than normal

results from deficiency of folic acid or vitamin B12

241
Q

MEgalo

A

large

242
Q

blast

A

immature

243
Q

Pernicious Anemia

A

caused by lack of the protein intrinsic factor IF

that helps the body absorb Vitamin B12 from gastrointestinal tract

244
Q

Why is Vitamin B12 necessary

A

formation of red blood cells

245
Q

Hemolytic Anemia

A

characterized by an inadequate number of circulating RBC due to premature destruction of RBC by the spleen

inherited or acquired: the most common two are hereditary

  • sickle cell anemia
  • thalassemia
246
Q

Hemolytic

A

pertaining to hemolysis, the breaking down of RBC

247
Q

Sickle Cell Anemia

A

serious genetic disorder that causes abnormal hemoglobin, resulting in some RBCs assuming abnormal sicle shape

interferes with blood flow, resulting in damage to most of the body systems

248
Q

Thalassemia

A

inherited blood disorder that causes mild or severe anemia due to reduced hemoglobin and fewer-than-normal RBCs

249
Q

Hypertension

A

HTN
igh blood pressure

elevation of arterial blood pressure to a level that is likely to cause damage to the cardiovascular system

250
Q

HTN

A

hypertension

251
Q

Essential hypertesion

A

a.k.a primary hypertension or idiopathic hypertension

consistently elevated blood pressure of unknown cause

252
Q

Secondary Hypertension

A

caused by different medical problem: kidney disorder or adrenal gland tumor

improves when the secondary issue is resolved

253
Q

Malignant hypertension

A

very high blood pressure
accompanied by damage to the organs, brain and optic nerves, failure of heart and kidneys

can be fatal

254
Q

Hypotension

A

lower-than-normal arterial blood pressure

dizziness, light-headednes, fainting

255
Q

Orthostatic Hypotension

A

a.k.a postural hypotension

low blood pressure that occurs when standing up

256
Q

orthostatic

A

relating to an upright or standing position

257
Q

Diagnostic Procedures of cardiovascualr system (basic)

A

blood test
CT
MRI
ultrasonic diagnostic procedures

258
Q

Angiography

A

radiographic (xray) study of the blood vessels after injection of a contrast medium
results in angiogram

study blood flow in arteries, veins, and blood vessels of the hart
- the vessels appear black

259
Q

Cardiac Catheterization

A

diagnostic and treatment procedure in which a catheter is passed into a vein or artery and then guided into the heart

used to perform angiography and for treatment to clear blocked arteries

260
Q

Digital Subtraction Angiography

A

use angiography with computer assistance to clarify the view of the area of interest in cardiovascular system by “subtracting” soft tissue and bones from images

261
Q

Duplex ultrasound

A

diagnostic procedure to image structures of the blood vessels and the flow of blood through these vessels

combination of diagnostic ultrasound (to show structure of the vessels) and Doppler ultrasound (to show movement of RBC through the vessels)

262
Q

DSA

A

digital subtraction angiography

263
Q

Venography

A

a.k.a phlebography
radiographic test that provides an image of specific veins after a contrast dye is injected
results in venogram

accurate test for detecting DVT

264
Q

Electrocardiography

A

noninvasive process of recording the elecrical activity of the myocardium

this is externally recorded by electrodes placed on skin

265
Q

noninvasive

A

does not require insertion of an instrument or device through skin or body opening for diagnosis or treatment

266
Q

electrocardiogram

A

record of electrical activity of myocardiym

267
Q

EKG or ECG

A

electrocardiogram

268
Q

holter monitor

A

portable electrocardiograph that is worn by an ambulatory patient to continuously monitor the heart rates and rhythms over a 24 or 48 hour period

269
Q

stress test

A

performed to asess cardiovascular health and fuction during and after stress

monitoring with an electrocardiograph while patient exercises on treadmill or is injected with chemical to increase heart rate (if patient cannot use treadmill)

in conjunction with echocardiogram

270
Q

Thallium stress test

A

evaluate blood flow through coronary arteries of heart muscle during exercise by injecting small amount of thallium into the bloodstream

if it is not taken up equally by all heart muscle cells, it shows a decrease in blood flow to part of the heart

271
Q

Compliance

A

accuracy and consistency with which the patient follows the physician’s instructions

272
Q

Antihypertensive

A

medication administered to lower blood pressure

may be used to treat other heart conditions

273
Q

ACE inhibitor

A

angiotensin-converting enzyme

block action of enzyme that causes blood vessels to contract, resulting in hypertension
the blood vessels are able to dilate and reduce blood pressure

used to treat hypertension and heart failure

274
Q

What medications are similar to ACE inhibitors?

A

ARBs

Angiotensin II receptor blockers

275
Q

Beta-Blocker

A

reduce workload of the heart by slowing the rate of the heartbeat

prescribed to lower blood pressure, relieve angina, treat heart failure

276
Q

Calcium channel blocker agent

A

cause heart and blood vessels to relax by decreasing movement of calcium into cells of the heart and blood vessels

reduces workload of heart by increasing supply of blood and oxygen

some are used to treat hypertension or to relieve/control agina

277
Q

diuretic

A

administered to stimulate the kidneys to increase secretion of urine to rid the body of excess sodium and water

administered to treat hypertension and heart failure by reducing the amount of fluid circulating in the blood

278
Q

Antiarrhythmic

A

medication used to control irregularities of the heartbeat

279
Q

anticoagulant

A

a.k.a blood thinners

slows coagulation and prevents new clots from forming

280
Q

coagulation

A

process of clotting blood

281
Q

What are some antihypertensives

A 
ACE inhibitor 
ARBs 
Beta-blocker 
Calcium channel blocker agents 
diuretic
282
Q

What are some anticoagulatns

A

coumadin or warfarin

heparin

283
Q

coumadin

A

brand name for warfarin

anticoagulant administered to prevent blood clots from forming or growing larger

prescribed for patients with clotting difficulty, certain types of heartbeat irregularities, after a heart attack or heart valve replacement

284
Q

heparin

A

works faster than coumadin

administered by injection or IV solution

285
Q

Aspirin

A

very small daily dose (81 mg)
a.k.a baby aspirin

reduce risk of heart attack or stroke by reducing ability of blood to clot

286
Q

Cholesterol-lowering drugs

A

used to combat hyperlipidemia by reducing undesirable cholesterol levels in the blood

287
Q

Digitalis

A

available as digoxin

strengthen contractions of heart muscle
slow heart rate 
eliminate fluid from body tissues 
treat and present certain arrhythmias 
may help with the heart conditions
288
Q

How is digitalis named

A

contains extracts from foxglove plant

foxglove belong to plant genus Digitalis

289
Q

Thrombolytic

A

a.k.a clot-busting drug

dissolves or causes thrombus to break up

290
Q

Thrombolytic therapy

A

use of drugs to break up a thrombus

291
Q

Tissue Plasminogen activator

A

thrombolytic that is administered to some patients having a heart attack or stroke

if administered within few hours of symptoms, medication can dissolved damaging blood clots

292
Q

tPA

A

tissue plasminogen activator

293
Q

Vasoconstrictor

A

cause blood vessels to narrow

antihistamines and decongestants

294
Q

Vasodilator

A

causes blood vessels to expand

295
Q

Nitroglycerin

A

vasodilator that is prescribed to prevent or relieve pain of angina
dilates blood vessels to the heart

increases blood flow and oxygen supply to the heart

administered sublingually or transdermally or orally (as a spray)

patient with prescription should take it during MI

296
Q

What type of diet are patiens with hypertension and cardiac patients recommended to go on?

A

Restricted sodium intake
Decreased salty foods and fast food/processed food as they have high sodium concentrations

patients with high cholesterol or cardiac disease should consume limited cholesterol (from foods that come from animals)

297
Q

Cardiopulmonary bypass

A

a.k.a heart-lung machiine

device used to maintain circulation of blood and oxygen to the body during surgery
allows surgeons to operate on heart without it beating

298
Q

CPB

A

cardiopulmonary bypass

299
Q

Angioplasty

A

technique of mechnically widening a narrowed or obstructed blood vessel

300
Q

Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty

A

a.k..a balloon angioplasty

procedure in which a small balloon on the end of a catheter is used to open a partially blocked coronary artery by flattening the plaque deposit and stretching the lumen

301
Q

PTCA

A

percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty

302
Q

Laser angioplasty

A

involves a laser on the end of a catheter
uses beams of light to remove plaque deposit

used separately or in conjunction with PTCA

303
Q

Stent

A

wire mesh tube placed after artery has been opened

provides support to arterial wall, keeps plaque from expanding again, and prevents restenosis

304
Q

Restenosis

A

condition in which artery that has been opened by angioplasty closes again

305
Q

atherectomy

A

surgical removal of plaque buildup from interior of artery

a stent may be put in place after atherectomy to prevent artery from becoming blocked again

306
Q

Re

A

again

307
Q

carotid endarterectomy

A

surgical removal of the lining of a portion of a clogged carotid artery leading to the brain
performed to reduce the risk of a stroke caused by disruption of the blood flow to the brain

308
Q

Coronary artery bypass graft

A

a.k.a bypass surgery or CABG

operation that opens the chest
vein from leg or chest is implanted on the heart to replace blocked coronary artery and improves flow of blood to the heart

309
Q

CABG

A

coronary artery bypass graft

310
Q

minimally invasive coronary artery bypass

A

a.k.a keyhole bypass or buttonhole bypass

performed with aid of a fiber-optic camera through small openings between ribs
alternative technique to CABG for some bypass patients

311
Q

Defibrillation

A

a.k.a cardioversion
use of electrical shock to restore heart’s normal rhythm
provided by defibrillator

312
Q

automated external defibrillator

A

AED
designed for use by nonprofessionals in emergency situations when defibrillation is required
automatically samples electrical rhythm of the heart and (if necessary) shocks the heart to store normal cardiac rhythm

313
Q

AED

A

automated external defibrillator

314
Q

artifical pacemaker

A

used for bradycardia or atrial fibrillation
may be used to treat other heart conditions

attached externally or implaned under the skin with connections leading into the heart to regulate heartbeat

315
Q

implantable cardioverter-defibrillator

A

ICD

double action pacemaker

  1. constantly regulate the heartbeat to ensure that the heart does not beat too slowly
  2. if a dangerous disruption of the heart’s rhythm occurs, it acts as automatic defibrillator
316
Q

ICD

A

implantable cardioverter-defibrillator

317
Q

cardiac ablation

A

a.k.a catheter ablation

procedure that uses radio-frequency energy (heat) or cryoablation (extreme cold) to scare or destroy the heart tissue, triggering abnormal heart rhythm

318
Q

ablation

A

removal or destruction of tissue to treat prostate cancer

319
Q

valvuloplasty

A

surgical repair of a heart valve

320
Q

heart valve replacement

A

surgery to replace one of the heart’s fo9ur valves (usually aortic or mitral)

defective valve is replaced with mechanical valve or one made of human or animal tissue

321
Q

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement

A

TAVR
relatively new and minimally invasive procedure
existing valve is left in place

a fully collapsible replacement valve is delivered to the valve site through a catheter
after it is expanded within defective valve, it takes over function of the valve

322
Q

TAVR

A

transcatheter aortic valve replacement

323
Q

Cardiopulmonary resuscitatoin

A

CPR

emergency procedure for life support consisting of artificial respiration and manual external cardiac compression

324
Q

CPR

A

cardiopulmonary resuscitation

325
Q

cardiopulmonary

A

pertaining to only the heart and lungs

326
Q

Compression-only resuscitation

A

effective in keeping a patient suffering from cardiac arrest alive until professional responders arrie

artificial respiration is recommended for children, drowning victims, and drug overdoses

327
Q

Aneurysmectomy

A

surgical removal of an aneurysm

328
Q

Aneurysmorraphy

A

a.k.a aneurysmoplasty

surgical suturing of an aneurysm

329
Q

aneurysm clipping

A

surgical method to isolate an aneurysm from rest of circulatory system by placing a small clip across its neck

titanium clip remains permanently in place and prevents blood from flowing into the aneurysm

330
Q

Arterioectomy

A

removal of a part of teh artery

331
Q

hemostasis

A

stop or control bleeding
accomplished by the formation of a blood clot by the body or through the external application of pressure to block the flow of blood

332
Q

plasmapheresis

A

a.k.a plasma exchange
removal of whole blood from the body and separation of the blood’s cellular elements

RBC and platelets are suspended in saline or a plasma substitute and returned to the circulatory system
- this makes more frequent blood donations for blood donors possible

patients with certain autoimmune disorders can receive their own red blood cells and platelets back, cleansed of antibodies

333
Q

Blood Pressure Classification - textbook

A

Normal
= less than 120
= less than 80

Prehypertension
= between 120 and 139
= between 80 and 89

Stage 1 Hypertension
= between 140 and 159
= betewen 90 and 99

Stage 2 Hypertension
= 160 or higher
= 100 or higher

334
Q

Total cholesterol

A

measured in milligrams per deciliter of blood (mg/dL)

desirable = below 200 mg/dL
borderline high = between 200 and 239 mg/dL
high levels = 240 mg/dL or above

335
Q

milligram

A

one thousandth of a gram

336
Q

deciliter

A

1/10 of a liter

337
Q

Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol

A

a.k.a bad cholesterol
excess quantities contribute to plaque buildup in arteries

Optimal = below 100 
Near Optimal = between 100 and 129 
Borderline high = between 130 and 159
High levels = between 160 and 189 
Very high levels = 190 and above
338
Q

LDL

A

low density lipoprtein

339
Q

High density lipoprotein cholesterol

A

good cholesterol
carries unneeded cholesterol back to liver for processing
does not contribute to plaque buildup

low = below 40 mg/dl
high = above 60 mg/dl
340
Q

HDL

A

high density lipoprotein cholesterol

341
Q

trigylycerides

A

combinations of fatty acids attached to glycerol that are found in blood in limited quantities

normal = below 150
borderline high = 150-199 mg/dl
high = 200 to 499
very high = 500 above

med term (9 decks)

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