chapter 5 Flashcards
1
Q
components of the cardiovascular system
A
heart
blood vessels
blood
2
Q
cardiovascular
A
pertainign to the heart and the blood vessels
3
Q
vascul
A
blood vessels
4
Q
function of the blood
A
fluid tissue that transports oxygen and nutrients to the body tissues
return waste products from body tissues to the kidney and carry carbon dioxide back to the lungs
5
Q
what systems are blood cells crucial in
A
immune system
endocrine system
6
Q
the heart
A
a hollow, muscular organ located in the thoracic cavity between the lungs
size of a fist
effective pump that furnishes the power to maintain the blood flow needed throughout the entire body
7
Q
apex
A
lower tip of the heart
8
Q
pericardium
A
a.k.a pericardial sac
double walled membraneous sac that encloses theheart
9
Q
membraneous
A
pertaining to membrane
10
Q
membrane
A
thin layer of pliable tissue that covers or encloses a body part
11
Q
parietal pericardium
A
fibrous sac that surrounds and protects the heart
12
Q
pericardial fluid
A
found between the pericardial sac and parietal pericardium
lubricant to prevent friction as the heart beats
13
Q
visceral pericardium
A
inner layer of the pericardium that also forms outer layer of the heart
14
Q
epicardium
A
outer layer of the heart
15
Q
layers of the walls of the heart
A
epicardium
myocardium
endocardium
16
Q
epicardium
A
external layer of the heart and the inner layer of the pericardium
17
Q
myocardium
A
middle and thickest of the heart’s three layers
beats constantly
a.k.a myocardial muscle
consists of specialized cardiac muscle tissue that is capable of the constant contraction and relaxation that creates pumping movement necessary to maintain flow of blood throughout body
18
Q
endocardium
A
consists of epithelial tissue
inner lining of the heart
surface that comes into direct contact with blood as it is being pumped through the heart
19
Q
what must the myocardium have
A
continuous supply of oxygen and nutrients
prompt waste removal to survive
if blood supply is disrupted, myocardium of affected area dies
20
Q
coronary arteries
A
supply oxygen-rich blood eto the myocardium
21
Q
veins
A
remove waste products from the myocardium
22
Q
What are the chambers of the heart
A
left atrium, right atrium
left ventricle, right ventricle
23
Q
atria
A
two upper chambers of the heart
divided by the interatrial septum
receiving chambers (all blood enters the heart through the chamber)
24
Q
septum
A
the wall that separates two chambers
25
ventricles
two lower chambers of the heart
divided by interventricular septum
26
ventricle meaning
hollow chamber of the brain
27
describe the walls of the chambers of the heart
ventricle walls are thicker than the atria because ventricles pump blood throughout entire body
28
what happens when a valve is not working
blood cannot flow properly through the heart
| blood is not pumped effectively to all parts of the body
29
tricuspid valve
control opening between right atrium and right ventricle
means having three cusps or points
30
pulmonary semilunar valve
located between right ventricle and pulmonary artery
| shaped like half-mean
31
pulmonary
pertaining to the lung
32
semilunar
half moon
33
mitral valve
located left atrium and left ventricle
two cusps or points
a.k.a bicuspid valvge
34
mitral
shaped like bishop's mitre (hat)
35
bicuspid
two cusps or points
36
aortic semilunar valve
located between left ventricle and the aorta
semilunar shaped
37
oxygenated
oxygen rich or containing adequate supply of oxygen
38
deoxygenated
oxygen poor or not yet congtaining an adequate supply of oxygen
39
What are the steps of blood flow
1. Right atrium (RA) recieves oxygen-poor blood from all tissues (except the lungs) through superior and inferior venae cavae. Blood flows out of the RA through tricuspid valve into right ventricle
2. RV pumps oxygen-poor blood through the pulmonary semilunar valve and into pulmonary artery (which carries it to the lungs)
3. Left Atrium receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs through the four pulmonary veins. The blood flows out of the LA through the mitral valve and into the left ventricle.
4. The LV receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium/ Blood flows out of the LV through the aortic semilunar valve and into the aorta, which carries it everywhere but the lungs;.
5. oxygen-poor blood is returned by the venae cavae to the right atrium.
40
What are the two circulation systems
systemic and pulmonary
together they bring oxygen to the cells and remove waste products from the cells
41
pulmonary circulation
flow of blood only between heart and the lungs
42
pulmonary arteries
carry deoxygenated blood out of the right ventricle and into the lungs
only place where deoxygenated blood is in arteries not veins
43
What occurs in the lungs during pulmonary circulation
carbon dioxide from body is exchanged for oxygen from inhaled air
44
pulmonary veins
carry oxygenated blood from the lungs into the left atrium of the heart.
only place where veins carry oxygenated blood
45
systemic circulation
flow of blood to all parts of the body, except the lungs
46
what are the steps of systemic circulation
1. oxygenated blood flows out of the left ventricle into arterial circulation
2. veins carry deoxygenated blood into right atrium
3. l blood flows into the pulmonary circulation before being pumped out of the heart into the arteris again
47
heartbeat
ability to pump blood effectively throughout the body
contraction and relaxation (beating) of the heart must occur in exact sequence
48
what is the rate and regularity of heartbeat determined by
electrical impulses from the nerves that stimulate the myocardium of the chambers of the heart
specialized myocardial muscles make this pumping action possible
49
Describe electrical impulses in detail
electrical impulses are also known as the conduction system
electrical impulses are controlled by sinoatrial (SA) node, atrioventricular (AV) node, and bundle of Histamine.
50
Sinoatrial node
often referred to as SA node
located in the posterior wall of the right atrium near the entrance of the superior vena cava
establishes basic rhythm and rate of the heartbeat (known as NATURAL PACEMAKER) of the heart
51
Connect sinoatrial node to electrical impulses
electrical impulses from the SA nod e start each wave of muscle contraction in the heart
the electrical impulse in the right atrium spreads over the muscles of both atria, causing them to contract simultaneously. this forces blood into the ventricles
52
atrioventricular node
AV node
impulses from SA node travel to AV node
located near the floor of the right atrium near the interatrial septum
from here, the AV node transmits the electrical impulses onward to the bundle of His (histamine)
53
bundle of His (HISS)
group of fibers located within the interventricular septum
fibers carry an electrical impulse to ensure the sequence of the heart contractions
these electrical impulses travel onward to the right and left ventricles and the Purkinje fibers
54
Purkinje fibers
named on Jan Purkyne
specialized conductive fibers located within walls of ventricles
relay electrical impulses to the cells of the ventricles
causes ventricles to contract (the ventricles contracting forces blood out of the heart and into the aorta and pulmonary arteries)
55
what does an electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG)
activities of the electrical conduction system of the heart can be visualized as wave movements on the monitor or electrocardiogram
56
sinus rhythm
refers to the normal beating of the heart
57
P Wave
due to stimulation or contraction of the atria
58
QRS complex
shows the stimulation or contraction of the ventricles
the atria relax as the ventricles contract
59
T wave
recovery or relexation of the ventricles
60
What are the types of blood vessels
arteries
capillaries
veins
61
What do the blood vessels form
form arterial and venous circulatory systems
62
arteries
large blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart to all regions of the body
63
Describe the walls of the artery
composed of 3 layers
makes arteries muscular and elastic so they can expand and contract with pumping beat of heart
64
endarterial
within an artery or pertaining to the inner portion of an artery
65
arterial blood
bright red in color because it is oxygen rich
66
why does blood spurt out when artery is cut
pumping action of the heart
67
aorta
largest blood vessel in the body
begins from the left ventricle of the heart and forms main truck of arterial system
68
carotid arteries
major arteries that carry blood upward to the head
69
common carotid artery
located on each side of the neck
| divides into internal carotid arter
70
internal carotid artery
bring oxygen rich blood to brain
71
external carotid artery
bring blood to the face
72
what does disruption to blood flow do
result in stroke or brain damage
73
arterioles
smaller and thinner branches of the arteries that deliver blood to the capillaries
as it enters one end of the capillary bed, it is here that the rate of flow of arterial blood slows
74
capillaries
only one epithelial cell in thickness
smallest blood vessels
form networks of expanded vascular beds that have the important role of delivering oxygen and nutrients to the cells of the tissues
75
describe capillaries and platelets
capillaries slow the flow of blood to allow plasma to flow into the tissues
this allows for the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste materials within surrounding cells
after leaving the cells, 90% of this fluid (which is now oxygen poor and contains some waste products) opposite end of the capillary bed through the venules
10% of the fluid that is left behind in the tissues becomes lymph
76
Veins
77
veins
low-pressure collecting system to return oxygen-poor blood to the heart
have valves that enable blood to flow only toward heart, and prevent it from flowing away from the heart
78
venuless
smallest veins that joint to form larger veins
79
ules
small ones
80
describe the wall of veins
thinner and less elastic than arterial walls
81
describe venous blood flow
continues its flow at an increased speed as it continues to return to heart
82
venous
relating to or contained in the vedins
83
superficial veins
located near body surface
84
deep veins
located within tissue and away from body surface
85
venae cavae
two largest veins in the body
return blood into the heart
86
supeprior vena cava
transports blood form upper portion of the body to the heart
87
inferior vena cava
transport blood from lower portion of the body to the heart
88
pulse
rhymic pressure against walls of the artery caused by contraction of the heart
89
blood pressure
measurement of the amount of systolic and diastolic pressure exerted against the walls of the arteries
90
systolic pressure
occurs when ventricles contract
| highsegt pressure agains t wall of artery
91
systole
contraction of the heart
92
systolic
pertaining to contraction phrase
93
diastolic pressure
occurs when ventricles are relaxed
lowest pressure against the walls of an artery
94
diastole
relaxation of the heart
95
diastolic
pertaining to the relaxation phase
96
What is blood composed of
55% liquid plasma
| 45% formed elements
97
plasma
straw-colored fluid that contains nutrients, hormones, and waste products
91% water
9% proteins (clotting proteins)
98
serum
plasma fluid after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed
99
fibrinogen and prothrombin
clotting proteins found in plasma
role in clot formation to control bleeding
100
formed elements of blood
erythrocytes
leukocytes
thrombocytes
101
erythrocytes
a.k.a red blood cells (RBCs)
mature RBC produced by red bone marrow
primary role of the cells is to transport oxygen to the tissues
102
HEmoglobin
transports oxygen
| oxygen-carrying blood protein pigment of the erythrocytes
103
globin
protein
104
leukocyte
WBCs
| blood cells involved in defending the body against ineffective organisms and foreign substances
105
major groups of leukocytes
```
neutrophils
basophils
eosinophils
lymphocytes
monocytes
```
106
neutrophils
formed in red bone marrow
most common type of WBC
play a major role in the immune system's defense against pathogens (bacteria, virus, fungus) through phagocytosis
107
phagocytosis
process of destroying pathogens by surrounding and swallowing them
108
basophils
formed in red bone marrow
least common type of WBC
responsible for causing symptoms of allergies
109
Eosinophils
formed in red bone marrow
migrate to tissues throughout the body
destroy parasitic organisms and play a major role in allergic reactions
110
lymphocytes
formed in red bone marrow , in lymph nodes, and in the spleen
identify foreign substances and germs (bacteria and virus) in the body and produce antibodies that specifically target them
111
monocytes
formed in red bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen
provide immunological defenses against infectious organisms through phagocytosis
112
thrombocytes
a.k.a platelets
smallest formed elements of the blood
important role in the clotting of blood
113
thrombo
clot
114
Describe damage to a blood vessel and thrombocytes
thrombocytes are activated and become sticky
| this causes thrombocytes to clump together to form a clot to stop the bleeding
115
Blood Types
classified according to the presense or absense of certain antigens
listed as type and Rh factor
116
antigen
any substance that the body regards as being foreign
117
major blood types
A
AB
B
O
A, AB, B are based onpresense of A and B antigens on RBC
Type O blood is when A and B antigens are absent
118
Rh Factor
defines presnese or absense of Rh antigen on red blood cells
named becuase thisk antigen ws first found in rhesus monkeys
119
Describe stats of Rh factor
85% of americans have the Rh antigen and these individuals are Rh positive
15% of Americans do not have the Rh antigen and these individuals as being Rh negative
120
why is Rh factor important
important consideration in cross matching blood for transfusions
121
When does RH factor cause difficulty
When RH positive infant is born to Rh-negative mother.
122
Blood gas
gas that is normally dissolved in the liquid portion of blood
123
what are the major blood gasses
oxygen
carbon dioxide
nitrogen
124
cardiologist
physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating abnormalities, diseases, and disorders of he heart
125
hematologist
physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating abnormalities, diseases, and disorders of blood and blood-forming tissues
126
vascular surgeon
physician who specializes in the diagnosis, management, and surgical treatment of disorders of blood vessels
127
congenital
present from or before birth
128
congenital heart defeat
structural abnormality caused by failure of the heart to develop normally before birth
may be present at birth, but not detected
129
coronary artery disease
a.k.a coronary heart disease (CHD) or ischemic heart disease
atherosclerosis of coronary arteries that reduces blood supply to the heart muscle.
creates insufficient supply of oxygen that may cause angina, myocardial infarction, or death
most common type of heart disease
130
CHD
coronary heart disease
131
CAD
coronary artery disease
132
End-stage coronary artery disease
characterized by unrelenting angina pain and severely limited lifestyle
133
atheroscelorisis
abnormal hardening and narrowing of the arteries due to buildup of cholesterol plaque on the interior walls of the artery
134
Plaque
found in lumen of artery
fatty deposit similar to buildup of rust inside a pipe
may protrude outward into lumen from wall of blood vessel OR protrude inward into wall of blood vessel
135
lumen
opening wihin vessels through which blood flows
136
atheroma
characteristic of atherosclerosis
deposit of plaque on or within arterial wall
137
ischemia
condition in which there is an insufficient supply of oxygen in the tissues due to restricted blood flow to a part of the body
138
isch
to hold back
139
emia
blood
140
cardiac ischemia
lack of blood flow and oxygen to the heart muscle
141
angina
a.k.a angina pectoris
condition in which severe episodes of chest pain occur due to an inadequate blood flow to the myocardium
due to ischemia of heart muscle
progressively worsens as blood flow continues to be compromised, and myocardial infarction occurs
142
stable angina
occurs during exertion and resolves with rest
143
unstable angina
occur during exertion or rest
a precursor to myocardial infarction
144
myocardial infarction
a.k.a heart attack
occlusion or blockage of one or more coronary arteries caused by plaque buildup
Impairs the heart's ability to pump blood throughout the body
145
occlusion
total blockage
146
infarction
sudden insuffiency of bood
147
infarct
localized area of dead tissue caused by lack of blood
148
necrosis
tissue death
Greek word for death
149
Symptoms of a myocardial infarction
pain or pressure in middle of chest
pain may spread to back, jaw, or left arm
most individuals have mild or no symptoms
women tend to have atypical symptoms of weakness and fatigue
150
Heart Failure
a,k.a congestive heart failure (CHF)
occur most commonly in the elderly as the heart has been weakened and damaged by other health issues
the heart is unable to pump out all of the blood that is receives (decreased pumping action) (congestion)
151
congestion
describes a fluid buildup
152
Left-sided Heart Failure
causes accumulation of fluid in the lungs called Pulmonary Edema
occurs because the life side of the heart (the main pumping chamber) is unable to efficiently pump oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the rest of the body
this increases pressure in the veins of the lungs and results in localized fluid accumulation
153
Right-sided Heart Failure
result of left-sided heart failure
causes fluid buildup or edema throughout the rest of the body
the ride side of the heart is unable to efficiently pump blood throughout rest of the body
154
Results of right-sided heart failure
first noticeable in feet or legs due to pressure of gravity
affect liver, gastrointestinal tract, arms
155
cardiomegaly
abnormal enlargement of the heart associated with heart failure as the heart enlarges in an effort to compensate for decreased pumping ability
156
carditis
inflammation of the heart
157
endocarditis
inflammation of the inner lining of the heart
158
abcterial endocarditis
inflammation of the lining or valves of the heart due to presence of bacteria in the bloodstream
one cause is bleeding during dental surgery which allows bacteria from mouth to enter bloodstream
159
pericarditis
inflammation of the pericardium
inflammation causes accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac
excess fluid restricts movement of the heart
this reduces the ability of the heart to pump blood
160
myocarditits
inflammation of the myocardium that develops as a rarely seen complication of a viral infection
161
cardiomyopathy
diseases of heart muscle
162
dilated cardiomyopathy
disease of heart muscle that causes heart to become enlarged and pump less strongly
progression is slow
163
dilation
expansion of hollow structure
164
heart murmur
abnormal blowing or clicking sound heard when listening to the heart of neighboring large blood vessels
caused by defective heart valves
do not require surgery unless they affect quality of life
165
valvulitis
inflammation of heart valve
166
valvular prolapse
abnormal protrusion of a heart valve that results in inability of valve to close completely
named after affected valve
167
prolapse
falling or dropping down of an organ or internal part
168
valvular stenosis
condition in which there is narrowing, stiffening, thickening, or blockage of one or more valves of the heart.
named for affected valve
169
arrhythmia
loss of normal rhythm of heartbeat
minor, temporary, or fatal
severity of the episode depends on how much the heart's ability to pump blood is compromised
caused by abnormality in electrical system of the heart
170
asystole
a.k.a flat line
complete lack of electrical activity in the heart
resulting lack of heart contractions (with no blood pumping from the heart and no blood flow through the body)
need medical practitioner to certify death
171
cardiac arrest
event in which heart abruptly stops beating or develops arrhythmia preventing it from pumping blood effectively
172
sudden cardiac death
treatment of cardiac arrest is not provided within a few minutes
173
heart block
congenital or acquired arrhythmia
caused by electrical signal moving through heart being partially or completely blocked from reaching the ventricles
174
bradycardia
slow resting heart rate
less than 60 bpm
occurs when passage of electricity from top to bottom of the heart is partially or totally blocked
175
tachycardia
abnormally rapid resting heart rate
greater than 100 beats per minute
176
supraventricular tachycardia
SVT
paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia
episode that begins and ends abruptly during which there are very rapid and regular heartbeats that orginate at or above the AV node
177
AV node
atrioventricular node
178
Ventricular tachycardia i
V-tach
very rapid hearouttbeat that begins within the ventricles
potentially fatal as the heart is beating so rapidly that it is unable to adequately pump blood through the body
can be controlled with implantable caradioverter-defibrillator
179
fibrillation
describes a potentially life-threatening fast and irregular heartbeat
atrial or ventricular
180
atrial fibrillation
A-fib
most common type of tachycardia
normal rhythmic contraction of atria are replaced by rapid and uncontrolled twitching of muscular heart wall
causes irregular and quivering action of the atria
some of the increased electrical impulses reach the ventricles, making them contract more rapidly and less efficiently than normal
80-180 bpm or more
181
ventricular fibrillation
V-fib
rapid, irregular, useless contractions of the ventricles
heart muscle quivers ineffectively
cause of sudden cardiac death
182
Palpitation
pounding or racing heartbeat with or without irregularity in rhythm
associated with certain heart disorders but may occur during panic attack
183
vasculitis
inflammation of blood vessel
multiple types
- phlebitis
= angilitis
- arteritis
184
arteristis or angilitis
inflammation of arteries
185
polyarteritis
form of vasculitis involving several medium and small arteries at the same time
rare but serious disease that occurs when certain immune cells attack affected arteries
186
temporal arteritis
a.k.a giant cell arteritis
form of vasculitis that can cause headaches, visual impairment ,jaw paint, and other symptoms
diagnosed when biopsy shows the presence of abnormally large cells
187
What does temporal arteritis cause
unlilateral or bilateral blindness
rarely - a stroke
188
Angiostenosis
abnormal narrowing of a blood vessel
189
Hemangioma
benign tumor of newly formed blood vessels
190
Hypoperfusion
deficiency of blood passing through an organ or body part
191
perfusion
flow of blood thorugh vessels of an organ
192
aneurysm
a localized weak spot or balloon-like enlargement of wall of an artery
rupture is fatal due to rapid loss of blood
named for artery involved
- aortic, abdominal, poplitael
193
arteriosclerosis
hardening of an artery
group of diseases characterized by thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial wall
194
arteriostenosis
abnormal narrowing of an artery or arteries
195
chronic venous insufficiency
a.k.a venous insufficiency
condition in which venous circulation is inadequate due to partial vein blockage or leaking of venous valves
affect feet and ankles
leakage of venous blood into tissue = discoloration of skin
196
phlebitis
inflammation of vein
a.k.a thrombophlebitis
walls of the vein are infiltrated and clot (thrombus) is formed
occurs in superficial vein
197
thrombus
clot
198
varicose veins
abnormally swollen veins that usually occur in superficial veins of the legs
occurs when valves in these veins do not function properly and blood pools in the veins, causing them to enlarge
199
What conditions result in blockage of blood vessel?
thrombosis
embolism
200
thrombosis
abnormal condition of having a thrombus
201
thrombus
blood clot attached to the interior wall of an artery or vein
202
thrombotic occlusion
blocking of an artery by a thrombus
203
thrombotic
caused by thrombus
204
coronary thrombosis
damage to the heart muscle caused by thrombus blocking coronary artery
205
coron
crown
206
ary
pertaining to
207
thromb
clot
208
Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)
a.k.a deep venous thrombosis
condition of having a thrombus attached to the interior wall of a deep vein
a blockage may form in the legs of a bedridden patient or in someone who has remained seated too long in airplane or car
209
What is the danger of a DVT?
the danger is that the thrombus or clot will break loose and travel to a lung where it an be fatal by causing blockage
210
Embolsim
sudden blockage of a blood vessel by an embolus
named for causative factor (air or fat embolism)
named for location (pulmonary embolism)
211
embol
inserted
212
embolus
1. foreign object
2. quantity of air or gas
3 bit of tissue or tumor
circulating in the blood
213
peripheral vascular disease
disorder of blood vessels that are located outside of the heart and brain
involve narrowing of the vessels that carry blood to the legs, arms, stomach or kidneys
214
Peripheral arterial disease
a.k.a PAD
peripheral arterial occlusive disease
caused by atherosclerosis
common and serious affecting 20% of patients over 70 years
impaired circulation to extremities and vital organs can cause changes in skin color and temperature
associated with intermittent claudication
215
How do you determine the severity of PAD?
compare blood pressure at the ankle with blood pressure of the arm
ankle-brachial index
216
Raynaud's Disease
peripheral arterial occlusive disease in which intermittent attacks are triggered by cold or stress
symptoms are due to constricted circulation:
- pallor
- cyanosis
- redness of fingers and toes
217
Pallor
paleness
218
blood dyscrasia
any pathologic condition of the cellular elements of the blood
219
Crasia
mixture or blending
220
Hemachromatosis
a.k.a iron overload disease
genetic disorder in which intestines absorb too much iron
the excess iron that is absorbed enters the bloodstream and accumulates in organs, causing damage
221
Chromat
color
222
Leukopenia
decrease in number of disease-fighting white blood cells circulating in the blood
a.k.a low white blood cell count
patient has increased ris of developing or having difficulty fighting infection
223
Polcythemia
abnormal increase in number of RBC in the blood due to excess production by bone marrow
224
Sepsis
a,k.a septicemia or blood poisoning
potentially life-threatening infection that results from bacteria or another infectious organism entering the bloodstream
results in damage to multiple organ systems as the chemicals released into the body to fight the infection trigger inflammatory responses throughout the body
225
Thrombocytopenia
condition in which there is an abnormally small amount of platelets circulating
abnormal bleeding results
226
Thrombocytosis
abnormal increase in number of platelets in circulating blood
227
Hemorrhage
loss of large amount of blood in short time
228
Transfusion Reaction
serious and potentially fatal complication of blood transfusion in which severe immune response occurs because patients and donated blood do not match
229
Cholesterol
fatty substance that travels through the blood and is found in all parts of the body
comes from dietary sources or created by liver
high amounts of specific types of cholesterol leads to heart disease
230
What does cholesterol aid in
production of cell membranes
production of some hormones
production of vitamin D
231
hyperlipidemia
general term used to describe elevated levels of cholesterol and other faty substances in the blood
232
Myelodysplastic Syndrome
type of cancer in which there is an insufficient production of one or more types of blood cells due to dysfunction of the bone marrow
may be a precusor to acute myeloid leukemia
233
Leukemia
type of cancer characterized by progressive increase in number of abnormal leukocytes found in blood forming tissues, other organs, and circulating in blood
234
How is leukemia named?
how quickly they progress and the type of white blood cell involved
```
most common
= AML
= CML
= ALL
= CLL
```
235
Anemia
lower- than - normal number of erythrocytes in the blood causing fatigue or shortness in the blood
causes fatigue and shortness of breath
severity of the condition is measured by decrease in amount of hemoglobin in blood
236
What is decreased hemoglobin associated with?
decreased hemoglobin means the body receives less oxygen and has less energy than needed to function properly
237
Aplastic Anemia
absence of all formed blood elements due to failure of blood cell production in the bone marrow
- Anemia is a low RBC count resulting in fatigue and weakness
- Leukopenia is a low WBC count resulting in increased risk of infection
- Thrombocytopenia is a low platelet count resulting in bleeding from mucous membranes and skin
238
Iron-deficiency Anemia
the most common form of anemia
without sufficient iron to create hemoglobin, blood cannot carry oxygen effectively
caused by
1. blood loss
2. poor absorption iron
3. inadequate dietary intake of iron
239
How is iron obtained
through food intake
| recycling iron from old RBC
240
Megoblastic Anemia
blood disorder char. by anemia in which RBC are larger than normal
results from deficiency of folic acid or vitamin B12
241
MEgalo
large
242
blast
immature
243
Pernicious Anemia
caused by lack of the protein intrinsic factor IF
| that helps the body absorb Vitamin B12 from gastrointestinal tract
244
Why is Vitamin B12 necessary
formation of red blood cells
245
Hemolytic Anemia
characterized by an inadequate number of circulating RBC due to premature destruction of RBC by the spleen
inherited or acquired: the most common two are hereditary
- sickle cell anemia
- thalassemia
246
Hemolytic
pertaining to hemolysis, the breaking down of RBC
247
Sickle Cell Anemia
serious genetic disorder that causes abnormal hemoglobin, resulting in some RBCs assuming abnormal sicle shape
interferes with blood flow, resulting in damage to most of the body systems
248
Thalassemia
inherited blood disorder that causes mild or severe anemia due to reduced hemoglobin and fewer-than-normal RBCs
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Hypertension
HTN
igh blood pressure
elevation of arterial blood pressure to a level that is likely to cause damage to the cardiovascular system
250
HTN
hypertension
251
Essential hypertesion
a.k.a primary hypertension or idiopathic hypertension
consistently elevated blood pressure of unknown cause
252
Secondary Hypertension
caused by different medical problem: kidney disorder or adrenal gland tumor
improves when the secondary issue is resolved
253
Malignant hypertension
very high blood pressure
accompanied by damage to the organs, brain and optic nerves, failure of heart and kidneys
can be fatal
254
Hypotension
lower-than-normal arterial blood pressure
dizziness, light-headednes, fainting
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Orthostatic Hypotension
a.k.a postural hypotension
low blood pressure that occurs when standing up
256
orthostatic
relating to an upright or standing position
257
Diagnostic Procedures of cardiovascualr system (basic)
blood test
CT
MRI
ultrasonic diagnostic procedures
258
Angiography
radiographic (xray) study of the blood vessels after injection of a contrast medium
results in angiogram
study blood flow in arteries, veins, and blood vessels of the hart
- the vessels appear black
259
Cardiac Catheterization
diagnostic and treatment procedure in which a catheter is passed into a vein or artery and then guided into the heart
used to perform angiography and for treatment to clear blocked arteries
260
Digital Subtraction Angiography
use angiography with computer assistance to clarify the view of the area of interest in cardiovascular system by "subtracting" soft tissue and bones from images
261
Duplex ultrasound
diagnostic procedure to image structures of the blood vessels and the flow of blood through these vessels
combination of diagnostic ultrasound (to show structure of the vessels) and Doppler ultrasound (to show movement of RBC through the vessels)
262
DSA
digital subtraction angiography
263
Venography
a.k.a phlebography
radiographic test that provides an image of specific veins after a contrast dye is injected
results in venogram
accurate test for detecting DVT
264
Electrocardiography
noninvasive process of recording the elecrical activity of the myocardium
this is externally recorded by electrodes placed on skin
265
noninvasive
does not require insertion of an instrument or device through skin or body opening for diagnosis or treatment
266
electrocardiogram
record of electrical activity of myocardiym
267
EKG or ECG
electrocardiogram
268
holter monitor
portable electrocardiograph that is worn by an ambulatory patient to continuously monitor the heart rates and rhythms over a 24 or 48 hour period
269
stress test
performed to asess cardiovascular health and fuction during and after stress
monitoring with an electrocardiograph while patient exercises on treadmill or is injected with chemical to increase heart rate (if patient cannot use treadmill)
in conjunction with echocardiogram
270
Thallium stress test
evaluate blood flow through coronary arteries of heart muscle during exercise by injecting small amount of thallium into the bloodstream
if it is not taken up equally by all heart muscle cells, it shows a decrease in blood flow to part of the heart
271
Compliance
accuracy and consistency with which the patient follows the physician's instructions
272
Antihypertensive
medication administered to lower blood pressure
may be used to treat other heart conditions
273
ACE inhibitor
angiotensin-converting enzyme
block action of enzyme that causes blood vessels to contract, resulting in hypertension
the blood vessels are able to dilate and reduce blood pressure
used to treat hypertension and heart failure
274
What medications are similar to ACE inhibitors?
ARBs
Angiotensin II receptor blockers
275
Beta-Blocker
reduce workload of the heart by slowing the rate of the heartbeat
prescribed to lower blood pressure, relieve angina, treat heart failure
276
Calcium channel blocker agent
cause heart and blood vessels to relax by decreasing movement of calcium into cells of the heart and blood vessels
reduces workload of heart by increasing supply of blood and oxygen
some are used to treat hypertension or to relieve/control agina
277
diuretic
administered to stimulate the kidneys to increase secretion of urine to rid the body of excess sodium and water
administered to treat hypertension and heart failure by reducing the amount of fluid circulating in the blood
278
Antiarrhythmic
medication used to control irregularities of the heartbeat
279
anticoagulant
a.k.a blood thinners
| slows coagulation and prevents new clots from forming
280
coagulation
process of clotting blood
281
What are some antihypertensives
```
ACE inhibitor
ARBs
Beta-blocker
Calcium channel blocker agents
diuretic
```
282
What are some anticoagulatns
coumadin or warfarin
| heparin
283
coumadin
brand name for warfarin
anticoagulant administered to prevent blood clots from forming or growing larger
prescribed for patients with clotting difficulty, certain types of heartbeat irregularities, after a heart attack or heart valve replacement
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heparin
works faster than coumadin
administered by injection or IV solution
285
Aspirin
very small daily dose (81 mg)
a.k.a baby aspirin
reduce risk of heart attack or stroke by reducing ability of blood to clot
286
Cholesterol-lowering drugs
used to combat hyperlipidemia by reducing undesirable cholesterol levels in the blood
287
Digitalis
available as digoxin
```
strengthen contractions of heart muscle
slow heart rate
eliminate fluid from body tissues
treat and present certain arrhythmias
may help with the heart conditions
```
288
How is digitalis named
contains extracts from foxglove plant
| foxglove belong to plant genus Digitalis
289
Thrombolytic
a.k.a clot-busting drug
dissolves or causes thrombus to break up
290
Thrombolytic therapy
use of drugs to break up a thrombus
291
Tissue Plasminogen activator
thrombolytic that is administered to some patients having a heart attack or stroke
if administered within few hours of symptoms, medication can dissolved damaging blood clots
292
tPA
tissue plasminogen activator
293
Vasoconstrictor
cause blood vessels to narrow
antihistamines and decongestants
294
Vasodilator
causes blood vessels to expand
295
Nitroglycerin
vasodilator that is prescribed to prevent or relieve pain of angina
dilates blood vessels to the heart
increases blood flow and oxygen supply to the heart
administered sublingually or transdermally or orally (as a spray)
patient with prescription should take it during MI
296
What type of diet are patiens with hypertension and cardiac patients recommended to go on?
Restricted sodium intake
Decreased salty foods and fast food/processed food as they have high sodium concentrations
patients with high cholesterol or cardiac disease should consume limited cholesterol (from foods that come from animals)
297
Cardiopulmonary bypass
a.k.a heart-lung machiine
device used to maintain circulation of blood and oxygen to the body during surgery
allows surgeons to operate on heart without it beating
298
CPB
cardiopulmonary bypass
299
Angioplasty
technique of mechnically widening a narrowed or obstructed blood vessel
300
Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
a.k..a balloon angioplasty
procedure in which a small balloon on the end of a catheter is used to open a partially blocked coronary artery by flattening the plaque deposit and stretching the lumen
301
PTCA
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
302
Laser angioplasty
involves a laser on the end of a catheter
uses beams of light to remove plaque deposit
used separately or in conjunction with PTCA
303
Stent
wire mesh tube placed after artery has been opened
provides support to arterial wall, keeps plaque from expanding again, and prevents restenosis
304
Restenosis
condition in which artery that has been opened by angioplasty closes again
305
atherectomy
surgical removal of plaque buildup from interior of artery
a stent may be put in place after atherectomy to prevent artery from becoming blocked again
306
Re
again
307
carotid endarterectomy
surgical removal of the lining of a portion of a clogged carotid artery leading to the brain
performed to reduce the risk of a stroke caused by disruption of the blood flow to the brain
308
Coronary artery bypass graft
a.k.a bypass surgery or CABG
operation that opens the chest
vein from leg or chest is implanted on the heart to replace blocked coronary artery and improves flow of blood to the heart
309
CABG
coronary artery bypass graft
310
minimally invasive coronary artery bypass
a.k.a keyhole bypass or buttonhole bypass
performed with aid of a fiber-optic camera through small openings between ribs
alternative technique to CABG for some bypass patients
311
Defibrillation
a.k.a cardioversion
use of electrical shock to restore heart's normal rhythm
provided by defibrillator
312
automated external defibrillator
AED
designed for use by nonprofessionals in emergency situations when defibrillation is required
automatically samples electrical rhythm of the heart and (if necessary) shocks the heart to store normal cardiac rhythm
313
AED
automated external defibrillator
314
artifical pacemaker
used for bradycardia or atrial fibrillation
may be used to treat other heart conditions
attached externally or implaned under the skin with connections leading into the heart to regulate heartbeat
315
implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
ICD
double action pacemaker
1. constantly regulate the heartbeat to ensure that the heart does not beat too slowly
2. if a dangerous disruption of the heart's rhythm occurs, it acts as automatic defibrillator
316
ICD
implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
317
cardiac ablation
a.k.a catheter ablation
procedure that uses radio-frequency energy (heat) or cryoablation (extreme cold) to scare or destroy the heart tissue, triggering abnormal heart rhythm
318
ablation
removal or destruction of tissue to treat prostate cancer
319
valvuloplasty
surgical repair of a heart valve
320
heart valve replacement
surgery to replace one of the heart's fo9ur valves (usually aortic or mitral)
defective valve is replaced with mechanical valve or one made of human or animal tissue
321
Transcatheter aortic valve replacement
TAVR
relatively new and minimally invasive procedure
existing valve is left in place
a fully collapsible replacement valve is delivered to the valve site through a catheter
after it is expanded within defective valve, it takes over function of the valve
322
TAVR
transcatheter aortic valve replacement
323
Cardiopulmonary resuscitatoin
CPR
| emergency procedure for life support consisting of artificial respiration and manual external cardiac compression
324
CPR
cardiopulmonary resuscitation
325
cardiopulmonary
pertaining to only the heart and lungs
326
Compression-only resuscitation
effective in keeping a patient suffering from cardiac arrest alive until professional responders arrie
artificial respiration is recommended for children, drowning victims, and drug overdoses
327
Aneurysmectomy
surgical removal of an aneurysm
328
Aneurysmorraphy
a.k.a aneurysmoplasty
| surgical suturing of an aneurysm
329
aneurysm clipping
surgical method to isolate an aneurysm from rest of circulatory system by placing a small clip across its neck
titanium clip remains permanently in place and prevents blood from flowing into the aneurysm
330
Arterioectomy
removal of a part of teh artery
331
hemostasis
stop or control bleeding
accomplished by the formation of a blood clot by the body or through the external application of pressure to block the flow of blood
332
plasmapheresis
a.k.a plasma exchange
removal of whole blood from the body and separation of the blood's cellular elements
RBC and platelets are suspended in saline or a plasma substitute and returned to the circulatory system
- this makes more frequent blood donations for blood donors possible
patients with certain autoimmune disorders can receive their own red blood cells and platelets back, cleansed of antibodies
333
Blood Pressure Classification - textbook
Normal
= less than 120
= less than 80
Prehypertension
= between 120 and 139
= between 80 and 89
Stage 1 Hypertension
= between 140 and 159
= betewen 90 and 99
Stage 2 Hypertension
= 160 or higher
= 100 or higher
334
Total cholesterol
measured in milligrams per deciliter of blood (mg/dL)
desirable = below 200 mg/dL
borderline high = between 200 and 239 mg/dL
high levels = 240 mg/dL or above
335
milligram
one thousandth of a gram
336
deciliter
1/10 of a liter
337
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
a.k.a bad cholesterol
excess quantities contribute to plaque buildup in arteries
```
Optimal = below 100
Near Optimal = between 100 and 129
Borderline high = between 130 and 159
High levels = between 160 and 189
Very high levels = 190 and above
```
338
LDL
low density lipoprtein
339
High density lipoprotein cholesterol
good cholesterol
carries unneeded cholesterol back to liver for processing
does not contribute to plaque buildup
```
low = below 40 mg/dl
high = above 60 mg/dl
```
340
HDL
high density lipoprotein cholesterol
341
trigylycerides
combinations of fatty acids attached to glycerol that are found in blood in limited quantities
normal = below 150
borderline high = 150-199 mg/dl
high = 200 to 499
very high = 500 above
