Chapter two Flashcards

Question

Caudal

Answer 1

lower part of body

Answer 2

tail or lower part of the body

Answer 3

situated nearest the midline or beginning of a body structure

Answer 4

situated farthest from the midline or beginning of the body structure

Answer 5

the direction toward or nearer the midline

Answer 6

the direction toward or nearer the side of the body, away from the midline

Answer 7

spaces that contain and protect internal organs DORSAL VENTRAL

Answer 8

located along the back of the body and head contain organs of the nervous system that coordinate body function CRANIAL SPINAL

Answer 9

located within the skull surround and protect brain cranial = pertaining to the skull

Answer 10

located within the spinal column | surround and protect the spinal cord

Answer 11

located along the front of body contains organs that sustain homeostasis ``` thoracic cavity (chest cavity or thorax) abdominal cavity (abdomen) pelvic cavity ```

Answer 12

processes through which the body maintains a constant internal environment ``` home = constant stasis = control ```

Answer 13

surround and protect heart and lungs

Answer 14

muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities

Answer 15

contain organs for digestion

Answer 16

space formed by the hip bones | contain the organs for the reproductive and excretory system

Answer 17

refers to these two cavities as a single unit | there is no division between the abdomen and pelvic cavity

Answer 18

relating to the groin | refers to the entire lower area of the abdomen

Answer 19

crease at the junction of the trunk with upper end of the thigh

Answer 20

1/2 - right and left hypochondriac regions = covered by lower ribs 3 - Epigastric Region above the stomach 4/5 - right and left lumbar regions = located near the inward curve of the spine 6 - Umbillical regions = surround the umbilicus (belly button or naval) = pit in the center of abdominal wall marks the point where umbilical cord was attached before birth 7/8 - right and left iliac regions = located near the hip bones 9 - hypogastric region = located below the stomach

Answer 21

lower back

Answer 22

describe the part of the back between the ribs and pelvis

Answer 23

describe where an abdominal organ or pain is located RUQ LUQ RLQ LLQ

Answer 24

the multilayered membrane that protects and holds the organs in place within the abdominal cavity

Answer 25

thin layer of tissue that covers a surface, lines a cavity, or divides a space or organ

Answer 26

parietal peritoneum = outer layer of the peritoneum that lines teh interior of the abdominal wall mesentery = fused double layer of the parietal peritoneum that attaches parts of the intestine to the interior abdominal wall visceral peritoneum = inner layer of the peritoneum that surrounds the organs of the abdominal cavity

Answer 27

relating ot the intenral organs

Answer 28

cavity wall

Answer 29

behind the peritoneum

Answer 30

peritoneum

Answer 31

inflammation of the peritoneum

Answer 32

cell tissue organ body system

Answer 33

basic structural and functional units of the body | specialized and grouped to form tissue and organ

Answer 34

study of the anatomy, physiology, pathology, and chemistry of the cell

Answer 35

specialist in the study and analysis of cells

Answer 36

tissue that surrounds and protects the content of a cell from the external environment

Answer 37

material within the cell membrane that is NOT part of the nucleus

Answer 38

formative material of cells

Answer 39

surrounded by nuclear membrane structure within the cell 1. control activities of the cell 2. help cell divide

Answer 40

unspecialized cells that can renew themselves for long periods of time through cell division = do not have a specialized role and do not die after a determined life span

Answer 41

transform themselves into cells with special functions cells of the heart muscle that make the heartbeat cells of the pancreas that produce insulin

Answer 42

somatic stem cells - undifferentiated cells among differentiated cells in a tissue or organ - maintain and repair tissue in which they are found

Answer 43

specialized function or structure

Answer 44

- transplantation from one individual to another | - are harvested from HEMOPOIETIC (blood-forming) tissue of the donorś bone marrow

Answer 45

occurs when the match between a donor and recipient is not perfect, and there is a possibility of rejection

Answer 46

undifferentiated cell that may form into any adult cell can proliferate indefinitely in a laboratory and provide a source for - muscle - liver - bone - blood cell

Answer 47

a developing child during the first 9 weeks in the womb embryo = fertilized ovum

Answer 48

does not require a perfect match as the cell is primitive

Answer 49

cord blood found in the umbilical cord and placenta of newborn infant it is possible to get stem cells from cord blood without danger to the mother or child at the time of birth. the cells are kept frozen until necessary for treatment

Answer 50

surplus embryos produced by in vitro (test-tube) fertilization. usually kept for medicinal and scientific research

Answer 51

the fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity control = hereditary disorders = physical traits

Answer 52

study of how genes are transferred from parents to their children and the role of genes in health and disease

Answer 53

a specialist of genetics

Answer 54

if inherited from either parent, the offspring will inherit that condition or disease

Answer 55

if inherited from both parents, the offspring will have that condition if inherited from one parent, the offspring will not have that condition. the child will have the trait

Answer 56

group of inherited red blood cell disorders that are transmitted by a recessive gene

Answer 57

complete set of genetic information of an organization

Answer 58

studied the genetic code (genome) and found that it is more than 99% identical among human throughout the world took 13 years to map the human genome, an was published in 2003

Answer 59

helps in the study of the use of genetics in health and science. they are now trying to understand the proteins encoded by the sequence of 30,000 genes

Answer 60

genetic structure located within the nucleus of a cell. made up of DNA molecules containing the boyś genes allows keeping genetic information neat, organized, and compact one chromosome = 100,000 genes

Answer 61

any cell EXCEPT gametes somatic = pertaining to the body contain 46 chromosomes in 23 pairs. 22 identical pairs and the XX or XY pair

Answer 62

sperm or egg (ovum) | contains 23 single chromosomes which are passed on to the offspring for a total of 46

Answer 63

the X or Y chromosome from the father

Answer 64

deoxyribonucleic acid located on the pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus of each cell has an identical structure in all living organisms contains thousands of genes that provide essential information regarding heredity, physical appearance, disease risk, etc..

Answer 65

packaged in a chromosome as two spiraling strands that twist to form a double helix

Answer 66

shape twisted like a spiral staircase

Answer 67

in the nucleus of all types of cells, except erythrocytes as they do not have nuclei

Answer 68

identical twins

Answer 69

change of the sequence of a DNA molecule | - usually due to radiation or environmental pollution

Answer 70

change within the cells of the body | - are not transmitted to next generation

Answer 71

change within the genes in a gamete | - can be transmitted to next generation

Answer 72

the manipulation or splicing of genes for scientific or medical purposes (e.g. the production of human insulin from modified bacteria)

Answer 73

aka hereditary disorder pathological condition caused by absent or defective gene - may be obvious at birth OR manifest later in life

Answer 74

``` Cystic Fibrosis Down Syndrome Hemophilia Huntingtonś disease Muscular Dystrophy Phenylketonuria ```

Answer 75

CF present at birth and impacts the respiratory and digestive systems

Answer 76

caused by the presence of 3rd copy of 21st chromosome (trisomy 21) characteristic facial appearance, learning disabilities, developmental delays, and physical abnormalities (heart valve disease)

Answer 77

group of hereditary bleeding disorders in which a blood-clotting factor is missing is a blood-coagulation disorder characterized by spontaneous hemorrhages or severe bleeding after an injury

Answer 78

HD each child with a parent with the gene for HD has a 50-50 percent chance of inheriting the gene. causes nerve degeneration in mid-life results in uncontrolled movements and loss of mental ability

Answer 79

worsening condition

Answer 80

group of genetic diseases characterized by - progressive weakness - degeneration of skeletal muscles

Answer 81

aka PKU rare genetic disorder in which the digestive enzyme PHENYLALANINE HYDROXYLASE is missing detected by blood test performed on infants at birth - managed by avoiding and limiting phenylalanine (found in food with protein) - without early detection, PKU causes several intellectual disability or mental retardation

Answer 82

group or layer of similarly specialized cells that join together to perform certain specific functions

Answer 83

microscopic study of the structure, composition,and function of tissue

Answer 84

non-physician specialist who studies the microscopic structure of tissues

Answer 85

Epithelial Tissue Connective Tissue Muscle Tissue Nerve Tissue

Answer 86

forms a protective covering for all of the internal and external surfaces of the body. form glands contains Epithelium and Endothelium tissue

Answer 87

specialized epithelial tissue that forms the epidermis of the skin and the surface layer of mucous membranes.

Answer 88

specialized epithelial tissue that lines the blood and lymph vessels, body cavities, glands, and organs

Answer 89

support and connect organs and other body tissues DENSE ADIPOSE LOOSE LIQUID

Answer 90

bone and cartilage form the joints and framework of the body

Answer 91

fat provides protection, padding, insulation, and support

Answer 92

surround various organs and support nerve cells and blood vessels

Answer 93

blood and lymph | transport nutrients and waste products throughout the body

Answer 94

cells with specialized ability to contract and relax

Answer 95

cells with specialised ability to react to stimuli and conduct electrical impulses

Answer 96

due to unknown causes | may occur before birth or appear later in life

Answer 97

Aplasia | Hypoplasia

Answer 98

defective development or the congenital absence of an organ or tissue

Answer 99

incomplete development of an organ or tissue due to deficiency in the number of cels

Answer 100

Anaplasia Dysplasia Hyperplasia Hypertrophy

Answer 101

change in the structure of cells and in their orientation to each other characteristic of tumor formation in cancers

Answer 102

abnormal development or growth of cells, tissue, and organs

Answer 103

enlargement of an organ or tissue because of an abnormal increase in the number of cells in the tissues

Answer 104

general increase in the bulk of a body part or organ due to an increase in the size of the cells in tissues not due to tumor formation

Answer 105

development

Answer 106

group of specialized epithelial cells that are capable of producing secretions

Answer 107

substance produced by a gland

Answer 108

Exocrine | Endocrine

Answer 109

secrete chemical substances into ducts that 1. lead to other organs 2. lead out of the body (sweat glands)

Answer 110

to secrete

Answer 111

produce hormones do not have ducts hormones are secreted directly into the bloodstream and are then transported to organs and structures throughout the body

Answer 112

refer to a mass of gland-like lymphoid tissue at the back of the upper pharynx

Answer 113

inflammation of a gland

Answer 114

malignant tumor that originates in a glandular tissue

Answer 115

harmful or capable of spreading and potentially life-threatening

Answer 116

a benign tumor that arises in or resembles glandular tissue

Answer 117

not life-threatening

Answer 118

abnormal softening of a gland

Answer 119

any disease or condition of a gland

Answer 120

abnormal hardening of a gland

Answer 121

surgical removal of a gland

Answer 122

somewhat independent part of the bdoy that performs a specific function related tissues and orgnas are organized into body systems

Answer 123

study of disease - nature - cause - produced changes in structure and function also means a condition produced by disease

Answer 124

disease | suffering, feeling, emotion

Answer 125

a physician who specializes in laboratory analysis of diseased tissue samples to confirm or establish a diagnosis

Answer 126

biopsies operations postmortem examinations

Answer 127

study of the causes of a disease

Answer 128

bones, joints, and cartilages support and shape the body protect internal organs form some blood cells and store minerals

Answer 129

muscles, fascia, and tendons hold the body erect make movement possible move body fluids and generate body heat

Answer 130

heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, and blood blood circulation to transport oxygen and nutrients to cell carry the waste product to the kidneys where waste is removed by filtration

Answer 131

lymph, lymphatic vessels, and lymph nodes remove and transport waste product from the fluid between cells destroy harmful substances such as pathogens and cancer cells in the lymph nodes return filtered lymph to bloodstream to become plasma

Answer 132

tonsils, spleen, thymus, skin, specialized blood cell defend body against invading pathogen and allergen

Answer 133

nose, pharynx, trachea, larynx, and lungs bring oxygen into the body for transportation to the cells remove carbon dioxide and some water waste from body

Answer 134

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, and pancreas digest ingested food so it can be absorbed into the bloodstream eliminate solid waste

Answer 135

kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra filter blood to remove waste maintain electrolyte and fluid balance within the body

Answer 136

nerves, brain, spinal cord coordinate reception of stimuli transmit messages throughout body

Answer 137

eyes and ears receive visual and auditory information transmit information to brain

Answer 138

skin, sebaceous gland, sweat gland protect the body against invasion by bacteria aids in regulating of temperature and water content

Answer 139

adrenal gland, gonads, pancreas, parathyroids, pineal, pituitary, thymus, thyroid integrate all body function

Answer 140

male: penis and testicles female: ovaries, uterus, vagina produce new life

Answer 141

disease-producing microorganism (virus)

Answer 142

spread of disease

Answer 143

the pathogen is POSSIBLY present | - occurs due to lack of proper hygiene standards or failure to take appropriate infection control precuations

Answer 144

aka contagious disease condition that is transmitted from one person to another through direct or indirect contact with contaminated objects

Answer 145

capable of being transmitted | may be communicable through multiple methods {measles}

Answer 146

refers to situations in which a susceptible person is infected by contact with the contaminated surface WASH HANDS

Answer 147

spread of disease through contact with infected blood or other body fluids that are contaminated by infected blood HIV HEP B STDs

Answer 148

spread of disease (measles, cold, flu) through large respiratory droplets sprayed by coughing or sneezing onto a nearby person or object USE A FACEMASK as a precuation primary cause of nosocomial infection

Answer 149

contact with germs floating in the air e.g. coughing or sneezing can cause pathogens to remain airborne fora long period of time TB measles chickenpox

Answer 150

aka fecal-oral transmission eating or drinking contaminated food or water that has not been properly treated to remove contamination or kill any pathogens present

Answer 151

spread of certain disease due to bite of a vector vector = insect or animals such as flies, mites, fleas, ticks, rats, and dogs

Answer 152

mosquitoes malaria + west nile virus

Answer 153

specialist in the study of outbreaks of disease within a population group

Answer 154

population

Answer 155

refers to the ongoing presense of a disease within a population, group, or area common cold

Answer 156

sudden and wide-spread outbreak of a disease within a specific population group or area measles outbreak

Answer 157

refers to an outbreak of a disease occurring over a large geographic area, possibly worldwide AIDS

Answer 158

produce symptoms for which no physiological or anatomical cause can be identified panic attack

Answer 159

unfavorable response due to prescribed medical treatment burns from radiation therapy

Answer 160

illness without known cause

Answer 161

peculiar to individual

Answer 162

illness caused by living pathogenic organisms such as bacteria and virus

Answer 163

disease acquired in a hospital or clinical setting MRSA (multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus)

Answer 164

greek word for hospital

Answer 165

produces symptoms caused by detectable physical changes in the body chickenpox has a characteristic rash

Answer 166

abnormal condition that exists at the time of birth

Answer 167

existing at birth

Answer 168

development disorder before birth prenatal influences premature birth injuries during teh birth process

Answer 169

birth defect result in an anomaly or malformation (absence of limb or presence of the extra toe)

Answer 170

deviation from what is regarded as normal

Answer 171

congenital absence of a normal body opening or the failure of a structure to be tubular

Answer 172

absence of the opening at the bottom end of the anus

Answer 173

absence of a pulmonary valve

Answer 174

mother's health mother's behavior prenatal medical care received or not received

Answer 175

mother's health = rubella infection = birth defects may occur if a pregnant woman contracts viral infection early in pregnancy mother's behavior = fetal alcohol syndrome (caused by mother's consumption of alcohol during pregnancy) = baby has characteristic physical and behavioral traits including growth abnormalities, mental retardation, brain damage, and socialization difficulty prenatal care = lack of prenatal medical care can cause premature delivery or low-birth-weight baby

Answer 176

birth occurs earlier than 37 weeks of development - causes serious problems as the baby's body systems are not fully developed - causes breathing difficulties and heart problems

Answer 177

congenital disorders that were not present before events surrounding the birth

Answer 178

cerebral palsy - result of brain damage - caused by premature birth or Inadequate oxygen to the brain during the birth process

Answer 179

aging is the normal progression of the lifecycle that results in death - latter portion of life causes health problems that are chronic or eventually fatal - as life spans become longer, chronic illness is becoming more common

Answer 180

the study of medical problems and care of older people or gerontology

Answer 181

after death

Answer 182

postmortem examination

Answer 183

roles outside of medicine, nursing and pharmacy essential part of health care team

Answer 184

PCP work in medical office or clinic settings include - general practitioner (GP) - internist - pediatrician - geriatrician - nurse practitioner - physician assistant

Answer 185

provides ongoing care for patients of all ages

Answer 186

a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treaitng diseases and disorders of internal organs and related body systems

Answer 187

physician who specializes in diagnosing, treating, and preventing disorders and diseases of infants and children practices pediatrics

Answer 188

gerontologist | a physician who specializes in the care of older people

Answer 189

NP | nurse with graduate training, who often works as a primary care provider

Answer 190

PA | licensed professional who works under a physician.

Answer 191

work in hospitals and other health care settings | masters degree

Answer 192

medical receptionist medical assistant medical coder

Answer 193

schedule and register patients for appointment | may work as a medical assistant

Answer 194

clinical medical assistant perform administrative and clincial tasks in doctor's offices may work in a long-term care facility for the elderly certified through the America Association of Medical Assistants

Answer 195

review patient records and assign codes for treatment and services provided based on codes for medical diagnoses, equipment, procedures

Answer 196

or ED focus on diagnosing and treating life-threatening emergency medical conditions based on triage

Answer 197

the doctor who specializes in high-acuity medicine in ER

Answer 198

refers to the level of severity of an illness

Answer 199

EMT | licensed health care professional who works in a pre-hospital setting on an ambulance or in an emergency room

Answer 200

license health care professional who works in a variety of HC settings. assess patients and provide care following doctor's ordres

Answer 201

LVN or LPN | work under doctor or RN to provide basic patient care

Answer 202

CNA | work under RN to provide basic patient care

Answer 203

licensed medical professionla who dispenses prescribed medication to patients

Answer 204

ICU or CCU provide continuous monitored care for critically ill, patients may be specialized for burn and trauma, cardiac, neurological

Answer 205

a physician specializing in the care of critically ill patients hospitalized in the ICU

Answer 206

physician focusing on genreal medical care of hospitalized patients

Answer 207

a unit that provides continuous cardiac monitoring for patients with heart problems, that do not require intensive care

Answer 208

electronic transmission of data about patient's heart rhythm

Answer 209

med/surg provide nursing care for low-acuity patients who are recovering from surgery or require continued drug therapy or monitoring

Answer 210

anaotmy and physiology

Answer 211

communicable disease

Answer 212

deoxyribonucleic acid

Answer 213

general practitioner

Answer 214

huntington's disease

Answer 215

physician assistant

Answer 216

provide basic and essential patient care such as bathing, bed making, and feeding

Answer 217

state licensed to proide and manage patient care RN = provide specialized serve (medication ,teaching, and supervision)

Answer 218

``` community health nurse criticla care nurse flight nurse hospice nurse infectious disease nurse iv therapy nurse ER nurse private duty nurse school nurse surgery scrub nurse ```

Answer 219

require the master of science in nursing degree or doctorate of nursing practice can become NP

Answer 220

provide bilingual assistance for accurate communication between health care providers and non-English speaking patients must known med. term in English and a second language

Answer 221

master's degree in genetic counseling from an accredited program need to be certified counsel patients about the genetic link to certain conditions and give information to help patients and families understand and adapt to the condition do genetic research