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chapter three Flashcards

1
Q

What is the skeletal system composed of?

A 
bones 
bone marrow 
cartilage
joints 
ligaments
synovial membranes
synovial fluid 
bursae
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2
Q

What are the 5 important functions of the skeletal system?

A
  1. bones act as the framework of the body
  2. bones support and protect internal organs
  3. joints work with the muscles, ligaments, and tendons for movement
  4. calcium is stored in bones
  5. red bone marrow is located within spongy bone
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3
Q

What does calcium do?

A

Mineral required for normal nerve and muscle function.

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4
Q

What does red bone marrow do?

A

Important role in formation of blood cells.

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5
Q

Describe the formation of bones?

A

A newborn’s skeleton begins as a fragile membrane and cartilage which turns into bones (starting at 3 months) through a process called ossification

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6
Q

What is ossification?

A

Process of new bone formation

  1. Osteoclasts break down old or damaged bone
  2. Osteoblasts help rebuild the bone

Repairs minor damage to the skeletal system during normal activity
Repairs bone after major injury (fracture)

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7
Q

Describe the density of bone?

A

Second hardest tissue in the body to dental enamel

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8
Q

What three functions is the bone capable of?

A

growth
healing
reshaping

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9
Q

Periosteum

A

tough and fibrous tissue that forms the outermost covering of the bone

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10
Q

Compact Bone

A

a.k.a cortical bone

the dense, hard, and strong bone that forms the protective outer layer of the bone

accounts for greater than 75% of body’s bone matter

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11
Q

Spongy Bone

A

a.k.a cancellous bone

porous or sponge-like that is lighter and weaker than compact bone

contains red bone marrow

a greater amount of spongy bone is associated with weak bones that are more susceptible to fracture

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12
Q

Where is red bone marrow typically found?

A
  1. spongy bone
  2. ends and inner portions of long bones (femur and humerus)
  3. pelvic bone
  4. ribs
  5. vertebrae of the spinal column
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13
Q

Medullary Cavity

A

central cavity located in the shaft of a long bone

surrounded by compact bone

stores red and yellow bone marrow

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14
Q

Medullary

A

pertaining to inner section

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15
Q

Endosteum

A

tissue that lines the medullary cavity

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16
Q

Red Bone Marrow

A

hemopoietic tissue that manufactures

  1. red blood cells
  2. hemoglobin
  3. white blood cell
  4. thrombocyte
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17
Q

Hemopoietic

A

pertaining to the formation of blood cells

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18
Q

Poietic

A

pertaining to the formation

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19
Q

Yellow Bone Marrow

A

fat storage area composed of fat cells

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20
Q

Describe bone marrow and growth?

A

Most bone marrow is red from birth to early adolescence.

During adolescence, red bone marrow is gradually replaced by yellow bone marrow

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21
Q

Cartilage

A

smooth, rubbery, and blue-white connective tissue that behaves as a shock-absorber between bones

more elastic than bone

makes up flexible parts of the skeleton (outer ear and the tip of the nose)

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22
Q

Articular Cartilage

A

covers the surface of bones where they articulate
makes smooth joint movement possible
protects bones from rubbing against each other

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23
Q

Articulate

A

come together to form joints

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24
Q

Meniscus

A

curved, fibrous cartilage found in some joints

found in the

  1. knee
  2. temporomandibular joint of the jaw
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25
Diaphysis
shaft of the long bone
26
Epiphyses
wider end of long bone covered with articular cartilage
27
Proximal Vs. Distal Epiphysis
Proximal is located near the midline of the body | Distal is located farthest away from the midline of the body
28
Foramen (foramina)
opening in the bone through which blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments pass example: spinal cord passes through the foramen magnum of the occipital bone at the base of the skull
29
Process
normal projection on the surface of a bone that commonly serves as an attachment for the muscle or tendon Example: mastoid process is located on the temporal bones, behind the ears
30
Joints
a.k.a articulations place of union of two or more bones
31
What are joints classified by? (two)
construction degree of movement they allow
32
Fibrous Joints
inflexible layers of dense connective tissue that hold the bones tightly together 1. known as sutures in adults (allowing no movement) 2. allow some movement in newborns and children, before solidification
33
Fontanelles
a.k.a soft spots present on the skull of a newborn facilitate the passage of an infant through the birth canal allow for growth of skull during year 1 close and harden as the child matures
34
Cartilaginous Joints
allow for slight movement consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage Examples: 1. ribs connect to the sternum and only allow movement when breathing 2. pubic symphysis allows some movement during childbirth
35
Where is the pubic symphysis located?
between pubic bones in the anterior of the pelvis
36
Synovial Joint
created when two bones articulate to permit a variety of motion two types: 1. Ball-and-socket Joint allows for a wide range of movement in many directions hips and shoulders 2. Hinge Joints allow movement in one direction or plane knees and elbows
37
What are the components of the synovial joint?
``` Synovial capsule Synovial membrane Synovial fluid Ligament Bursa ```
38
Synovial Capsule
outermost layer of strong, fibrous tissue | resembles a sleeve as it surrounds the joint
39
Synovial Membrane
lines the capsule and secretes synovial fluid
40
Synovial fluid
flows within the synovial cavity | acts as lubricant for smooth movement of the joint
41
Ligaments
bands of fibrous tissue that form joints by connecting 1. bone to bone 2. bone to cartilage complex hinge joints (knee) are made up of a series of ligaments permitting movement in different directions
42
Bursa
fibrous sac that acts as a cushion to ease movement in areas that are subject to friction (shoulder, elbow, knee because tendon passes over bone)
43
Describe the number of bones in the skeleton?
adult skeleton = 206 bones (range of 206 to 350) divided into AXIAL and APPENDICULAR skeleton
44
Axial Skeleton
protects the major organs of the 1. nervous 2. respiratory 3. circulatory 80 bones in the head and body organized into 5 parts
45
What are the parts of the Axial Skeleton?
1. bones of the skull 2. the ossicles of the middle ear 3. hyoid bone (between chin and thyroid) 4. rib cage 5. vertebral column
46
Appendicular Skeleton
allows for body movement protects organs of the 1. digestion 2. excretion 3. reproduction 126 bones divided into two parts
47
What are the parts of the Appendicular Skeleton?
1. upper extremities (shoulders, arms, forearms, wrists, hands) 2. lower extremities (hips, thighs, legs, ankles, feet)
48
Appendage
anything attached to a major part of the body
49
Appendicular meaning?
referring to an appendage
50
Extremity
terminal end of the body (arm and leg)
51
Bones of the Skull
8 bones that form the cranium 14 bones that form the face 6 bones in the middle ear
52
Bones of the Skull
8 bones that form the cranium 14 bones that form the face 6 bones in the middle ear
53
Bones of the Cranium
cranium = portion of the skull enclosing and protecting the brain joined together by jagged fibrous joints (sutures)
54
What are the 8 bones of the cranium? and the meatus?
``` 1. frontal bone 2/3. parietal bones 4. occipital bone 5.6. temporal bones 7. sphenoid bone 8. ethmoid bone ``` external auditory meatus
55
Frontal bone?
the anterior portion of the cranium forming the forehead houses frontal sinuses forms 1. the roof of the ethmoid sinuses 2. nose 3. part of the socket that protects the eyeball
56
Parietal Bones
two of the largest bones of the skull form the roof and upper sides of the cranium
57
Occipital bone
forms the back part of the skull | forms the base of the cranium
58
Temporal Bones
forms the sides and base of the cranium
59
Sphenoid Bone
irregular and wedge-shaped bone at the base of the skull makes contact with ALL other cranial bones helps form 1. the base of the cranium 2. sides of the skull 3. floors and sides of the eye sockets
60
External Auditory Meatus
opening of the external auditory canal of the outer ear | = the canal is located within the temporal bone on each side of the skull
61
Meatus
external opening of a canal
62
Ethmoid Bone
light and spongy bone located at the roof and sides of the nose separates nasal cavity of the brain forms portion of each orbit
63
Orbit
bony socket that surrounds and protects each eyeball
64
Auditory Ossicles
three tiny bones in each middle ear 1. malleus 2. incus 3. stapes
65
Sinus
air-filled cavity lighten weight of skull
66
What are the 14 facial bones?
``` 1/2. nasal 3/4. zygomatic 5/6. maxillary 7/8. palatine 9/10. lacrimal 11/12. inferior conchae 13. vomer 14. mandible ```
67
Nasal Bone
form upper part of the bridge of the nose
68
Zygomatic Bone
a.k.a cheeckbone articulate with the frontal bone that makes up the forehead
69
Maxillary Bone
form ost of the upper jaw a.k.a maxillae
70
Palatine Bone
form anterior of the hard palate of the mouth | form the floor of the nose
71
Lacrimal Bone
make up part of the orbit at the inner angle
72
Inferior Conchae
thin, scroll-like bones that form part of the interior of the nose
73
Vomer Bone
form base of the nasal septum
74
Nasal Septum
cartilage wall that divides the two nasal cavities
75
Mandible
a.k.a jaw bone only movable bone in the skull attached to skull at the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
76
Thoracic Cavity
a.k.a rib cage bony structure protecting heart and lungs consists of the 1. ribs 2. sternum 3. upper portion of the spinal column from the neck to diaphragm
77
The Ribs
a.k.a costals 12 pairs that attach posteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae The first seven pairs are TRUE RIBS and attach anteriorly to the sternum The next three pairs are FALSE RIBS and attach anteriorly to cartilage that connects them to sternum The last two pairs are FLOATING RIBS and they attach posteriorly to vertebrae
78
Sternum
a.k.a breast bone flat, dagger-shaped bone located in the middle of teh chest connects with the ribs to form the front of the rib cage
79
What are the parts of the sternum?
1. manubrium 2. body of the sternum (gladiolus) 3. xiphoid process
80
Manubrium
bony structure that forms the upper portion of the sternum
81
Body of the Vertebrae
bony structure that forms the middle portion of the sternum
82
Xiphoid Process
structure made of cartilage | forms the lower portion of the sternum
83
Xiphoid meaning
straight sword (Greek word)
84
Pectoral Girdle
a.k.a shoulder girdle as it is formed by the shoulders supports the arms and the hands
85
Girdle
a structure that encirlces the body
86
What are the bones of the shoulder?
Clavicle Scapula Acromion
87
Clavicle
a.k.a collar bone slender bone connecting the manubrium (of sternum) and the scapula
88
Scapula
a.k.a shoulder blade
89
Acromion
extension of the scapula that forms the highest point of the shoulder
90
What are the parts of the arm?
Humerus Radius Ulna Olecranon Process
91
Humerus
bone of the upper arm
92
Radius
the smaller and shorter bone of the forearm | thumb side
93
Ulna
larger and longer bone of forearm | the proximal end of the ulna articulates with the distal end of the humerus to form the elbow
94
Olecranon Process
a.k.a funny bone large projection on the upper end of the ulna forms the point of the elbow exposes a nerve that tingles when struck
95
The Wrist
formed of 8 carpals form a narrow bony passage called the carpal tunnel
96
Carpal Tunnel
where the nerves and tendons of the fingers pass through to reach the hand Example: Carpal Tunnel Syndrone
97
Palm
fomrmed by 5 metacarpals
98
Fingers
Formed by 14 phalanges Fingers 1. distal phalanges 2. middle phalanges 3. proximal phalanges Thumb 1. distal phalanges 2. proximal phalanges
99
Spinal Column
a.ka vertebral column protects the spinal cord supports head and body 26 vertebrae (vertebra)
100
Body of the Vertebra
anterior portion of the vertebra | solid and provides strength
101
Lamina
the posterior portion of the vetrebrae where the transverse and spinous processes extend from serves as attachment for muscles and tendons
102
Vertebral Foramen
opening in the middle of the vertebra allow the spinal cord to pass through protects the spinal cord
103
Intervertebral Disks
made of cartilage separate and cushion vertebrae from each other act as shock absorbers allow for movement of spinal column
104
Cervical Vertebrae
7 vertebrae form the neck C1 - C7
105
Thoracic Vertebrae
12 Vertebrae Each vertebrae has a pari of ribs attached to it Forms the outward curve of the spine T1-T12
106
Lumbar Vertebrae
5 vertebrae form inward curve of lower spine largest and strongest vertebrae beraing most of the body's weight L1-L5
107
Lumbar Meaning
relating to the part of the back and sides between the ribs and the pelvis
108
Sacrum
slightly curved and triangular-shaped bone near base of lumbar spine is composed of 5 bones that fuse in the young child
109
Coccyx
a.k.a tailbone form end of the spine made up of 4 vertebrae that are fused
110
Coccyx meaning
Cuckoo (Greek Word) | shape resembled a cuckoo's beak
111
Pelvis
a.k.a bony pelvis protects the internal organs supports the elowe rorganas
112
Pelvic Girdle
the Pelvis includes it cup-shaped ring at the lower end of the trunk 1. ilium 2. ichium 3. pubis
113
Ilium
broad and blade-shaped bone that forms the back and sides of the public bone
114
Sachroiliac
slightly movable joint between the sacrum and posterior portion of the ilium
115
Ischium
form lower posterior portion of public bone | bear body weight when sitting
116
Pubis
form anterior portion of pubic bone | below urinary bladder
117
Describe the formation of the pelvic girdle?
Originally composed of three seperate bones that fuse to form the left and right pubic bones the left and right pubic bones are held together by the pubic symphysis
118
Symphysis
Place where two bones are closely joined
119
Pubic Symphysis
cartilaginous joint uniting the left and right pubic bones
120
Cartilaginous Joint
allows for slight movement between bones
121
Acetabulum
a.k.a hip socket a large circular cavity in each side of the pelvis articulates with the head of the femur to form hip joint
122
The Femur
largest bone in the body a.k.a thigh bone the head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum (hip socket) the femoral neck is the narrow area just below the head of the femur
123
Parts of the Knee
patella popliteal crucial ligaments
124
Patella
a.k.a kneecap | bony anterior of the knee
125
Popliteal
posterior of the knee where ligaments, vessels, and muscles related to the joint are connected
126
Cruciate Ligaments
allow for movement of the knee anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments - shaped like a cross
127
Tibia
a.k.a shinbone | largest anterior weight-boring bone of the lower leg
128
Fibula
smaller of the two bones of the lower leg
129
Ankle
joints that connect the lower leg and foot made up of 7 short tarsal bones = larger than tarsals of the wrist
130
Malleolus
rounded bony projection on the tibia and fibula on the sides of each ankle joint
131
Talus
ankle bone that articulates with the tibia and fibula
132
Calcenus
a.k.a heel bone | largest of the tarsal bones
133
The Foot
composed of 5 metatarsals that form the part of the foot to which toes are attached
134
Phalanges
bones of the toes Great Toe = two Each other toe = three
135
Chiropractor
DC (doctor of chiropractric) specializes in the manipulative treatment of disorders originating from the misalignment of the spine
136
Manipulative Treatment
manually adjusting position of the bones
137
Orthopedic Surgeon
a.k.a orthopedist physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders of the bones, joints, and muscles
138
Osteopath
Doctor of Osteopathy (DO) traditional forms of medical treatment and spinal manipulation to treat health problems
139
Osteopathy
the practice that an osteopathy uses | or any bone disease
140
Podiatrist
Doctor of Podiatry (DP) or Doctor of Podiatric Medicine (DPM) specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of food disorders
141
Rheumatologist
physician who specializes in the diagnosis of arthritis and disorders characterized by the inflammation in the joints and connective tissue (osteoporosis, fibromyalgia, tendinitis)
142
Ankylosis
loss or absence of mobility in a joint due to disease, injury, or surgical procedure
143
Ankyl
crooked, bent or stiff
144
Mobility
capable of movement
145
Adhesive Capsulitis
a.k.a frozen shoulder painful ankylosis of the shoulder due to adhesions forming in the synovial capsule surrounding the shoulder, making the joint become thick and tight.
146
Capsul
little box
147
Arthrosclerosis
stiffness of the joints | specifically in the elderly
148
Baker's cyst
a.k.a popliteal cyst fluid-filled sac behind the knee result of a condition such as rheumatoid arthritis triggering the production of excess synovial fluid. named after British Surgeon William Baker
149
Bursitis
inflammation of a bursa
150
Chondromalacia
abnormal softening of cartilage
151
Costochrondritis
inflammation of the cartilage connecting the rib to the sternum
152
Hallux Valgus
a.k.a bunion abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of the great toe
153
Hallux and Vagus meaning
big toe bent
154
Hemarthrosis
blood within the joint due to 1. a joint unury 2. spontaneously in patients taking blood-thinning medications 3. spontaneously in patients with a blood-clotting disorder (hemophilia)
155
Polymyalgia Rheumatica
inflammatory disorder of the muscles and joints characterized by pain and stiffness in the necks, shoulders, upper arms, hips, and thighs
156
Rheumatica
Latin word for Rheumatism | - obsolete term for arthritis and disorders causing pain in joints and supporting tissue
157
Sprain
occur when ligament that connects bones to a joint is wrenched or torn
158
Synovitis
inflammation of the synovial membrane resulting in swelling and pain of the affected joint caused by 1. arthritis 2. trauma 3. infection 4. irritation produced by damaged cartilage
159
Dislocation
a.k.a luxation | total displacement of a bone from joint
160
Sublaxation
partial displacement of a bone from its joint
161
Arthritis
inflammatory condition of one or more joints | - more than 100 types with different causes
162
Osteoarthritis
a.k.a wear-and-tear arthritis associated with aging is a degenerative joint disease (characterized by wearing away fo articular cartilage within joints) characterized by hypertrophy of bone and formation of osteophytes (bone spurs)
163
Degeneration
breaking down or impairment of body part
164
Spondylosis
spinal osteoarthritis | degenerative disorder causing loss of normal spinal structure and function
165
Gout
gouty arthritis characterized by deposits of uric acid crystals in the joints (beginning with the big toe) joints turn warm, red ,and excruciatingly sensitive
166
Rheumatoid Arthritis
a.k.a RA a chronic autoimmune disorder in which joints and some organs of other body systems are attacked attacks synovial membranes --> causing them to become inflamed and thickened --> the joints become swollen, painful, and immobile
167
Ankylosing Spondylitis
form of RA that causes inflammation of the joints between the vertebrae is a chronic inflammatory back disorder known as spondylarthropathies
168
Juvenile RA
JRA autoimmune disorder impacting those 16 or younger symptoms: stiffness, pain, joint swelling, skin rash, fever, slowed growth, fatigue most children ougrow it
169
Herniated Disk
a.k.a slipped or ruptured disk breaking apart of intervertebral disk resulting in pressure on spinal nerve roots
170
Lumbago
a.k.a low back pain pain of lumbar region of the spine
171
Ago
diseased condition
172
Spondylolisthesis
forward slipping movement of the body of one of the lower lumbar vertebrae onto the vertebrab or sacrum below it
173
Listhesis
slipping
174
Spina Bifida
spinal canal fails to close completely around the spinal cord to protect it due to - a congenital defect that occurs during early pregnancy - lack of nutrient folic acid during early stages of pregnancy
175
Bifida
split
176
Kyphosis
abnormal increase in the outward curvature of the thoracic spine fro ma side-view associated with aging a.k.a humpback or dowager's hump
177
Kyph
hump
178
Lordosis
abnormal increase in the forward curvature of the lumbar spine a.k.a swayback
179
Lord
bent backwards
180
Scoliosis
abnormal lateral (sideways) curvature of the spine
181
Scoli
curved
182
Avascular Necrosis
a.k.a osteonecrosis area of bone tissue death caused by insufficient blood flow commonly occurs in the hip joint, requiring hip replacement
183
Craniostenosis
malformation of the skull due to premature closure of cranial sutures
184
Osteitis
a.k.a ostitis inflammation of a bone
185
Osteomalacia
a.k.a adult rickets abnormal softening of bone in adults due to lack of vitamin D, calcium, phosphate
186
Osteomyelitis
inflammation of bone marrow and adjacent bone | caused by a bacterial infection that originates in another part of the body and spreads to bone via blood
187
Paget's Disease
chronic bone disease of unknown cause (idiopathic) named after Sir James Paget characterized by the abnormal breakdown of bone (in the pelvis, skull, spine and legs) and abnormal bone formation the new bone is structurally enlarged, misshapen, and weak
188
Periostitis
inflammation of the periosteum | associated with shin splints
189
Rickets
deficiency disease occurring in children characterized by defective bone growth due to a lack of vitamin D (which is necessary to maintain calcium and phosphate levels) uncommon in the US with increasing incidence
190
Short Stature
a.k.a dwarfism condition resulting from the failure of the bones of the limbs to grow to an appropriate length compared to the size of the head and trunk - caused by over 200 conditions must be 4'10 or shorter called little people
191
Talipes
a.k.a clubfoot any congenital deformity of the foot involving the talus
192
Primary bone cancer
rare malignant tumor originating in the bone Example: Ewing's sarcoma = tumor occurring in bones of the upper arm, leg, pelvis, or rib = peak incidence is 10 to 20 years of age
193
Malignant
becoming progressively worse or life threatening
194
Secondary Bone Cancer
describes tumors that have metastasized to bones from other organs (breasts and lungs)
195
Myeloma
type of cancer occuring in blood-making cells of red bone marrow causes pathologic fractures and is fatal
196
Myeloma
type of cancer occuring in blood-making cells of red bone marrow causes pathologic fractures and is fatal Myel
196
Myeloma
type of cancer occuring in blood-making cells of red bone marrow causes pathologic fractures and is fatal
196
Myeloma
type of cancer occuring in blood-making cells of red bone marrow causes pathologic fractures and is fatal Myelbone marrow
196
Myeloma
type of cancer occuring in blood-making cells of red bone marrow causes pathologic fractures and is fatal Myelbone marrow Osteochondroma
197
Osteochondroma
benign bony projection covered with cartilage is a type of tumor called exotosis
198
Benign
non life threatening | does not re-occur
199
Osteoporosis
marked loss of bone density increase in bone porosity associated iwth aging
200
Por
small opening
201
Osteopenia
thinner-than-average bone density does not have osteoporosis but is at a greater-than-average risk of developing it risk factors: aging, smoking, drinking, a lack of calcium in the skin risk group: young women who do not consume enough calories
202
Osteoporosis fractures
Compression Colle's fracture Osteoporotic hip fracture
203
Compression Fracture
a.k.a vertebral risk fracture bone is pressed together or compressed on itself due to 1. spontaneous collapse of weakened vertebrae 2. injury results in 1. pain 2. loss of height 3. spinal curvature known as kyphosis
204
Colle's Fracture
named for Irish surgeon Abraham Colles a.k.a fractured wrist at the lower end of the radius when a person tries to stop a fall by landing on his or her hands.
205
Osteoporotic Hip Fracture
a.k.a broken hip caused by weakening of bones due to osteoporosis. may occur spontaneously or due to fall complications include 1. loss of function 2. loss of mobility 3. loss inf independence 4. death
206
Osteoporotic
pertaining to or caused by porous condition of bones
207
Fracture
a.k.a broken bone | described in terms of complexity
208
What are the types of fractures?
1. closed 2. open 3. comminuted 4. greenstick 5. oblique 6. pathologic 7. spiral 8. stress 9. transverse
209
Closed Fracture
a.k.a simple fracture or complete fracture | bone is broken but there is no open wound in the skin
210
Open Fracture
a.k.a compound fracture | bone is broken and there is an open wound in the skin
211
Comminuted Fracture
bone is splintered or crushed
212
Comminuted
crushed into small pieces
213
Greenstick Fracture
a.k.a incomplete fracture bone is bent and partially broken common in children
214
Oblique Fracture
occur at angle across bone
215
Pathologic Fracture
weakened bone breaks under normal strain | due to bones being weakened by osteoporosis OR disease process such as cancer
216
Spiral Fracture
bone has been twisted apart | occurs as a result of a severe twisting motion (sports injury)
217
Stress Fracture
overuse injury | small crack in the bone due to chronic, excess impact
218
Transverse Fracture
straight across the bone
219
Fat Embolus
forms when a long bone is fractured and fat from yellow bone marrow is released into the bloodstream
220
Embolus
foreign matter circulating in the blood that can become lodged and block the blood vessel
221
Crepitation
a.k.a crepitus | grating sound heard when ends of a broken bone move together
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Crepitation (other meaning)
any unusual crackling sound or sensation within the body | describes the popping or clicking sound heard in movement of some joints
223
Callus
forms when bone heals a bulging deposit around the area of the break this tissue eventually becomes bone
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Callus (other meaning)
thickening of skin caused by repeated rubbing
225
Radiograph
a.k.a x-ray use of x-radiation to visualize bone fractures and abnormalities done on children to determine the age of bone growth --> which can diagnose a growth problem
226
Arthroscopy
visual examination of the internal structure of a joint with an arthroscope
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Bone Marrow Biopsy
diagnostic test used after abnormal types or numbers of red or white blood cells are found in a CBC test
228
Bone Marrow Aspiration
use of syringe to withdraw tissue from red bone marrow used to 1. obtain tissue for diagnostic purpose 2. collect bone marrow for medical procedure (stem cell transplant)
229
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
image soft tissue structures such as the interior of a complex joint not as effective with hard tissues (bone)
230
What are two additional bone diagnostic procedures?
Bone Scan | Arthrocentesis
231
What are 2 Bone Density Testing procedures?
Ultrasonic Bone Density Testing | Dual X-ray Absorptiometry
232
Bone Density Testing (BDT)
determine loss or change in bone density | used to diagnose conditions including osteoporosis, osteomalacia, osteopenia, and Paget's disease
233
Ultrasonic Bone Density Testing
screening test for osteoporosis or conditions that cause loss of bone mass sound waves are used to take measurements of the calcaneus (heel) bone. If the results indicate risk, definitive testing is recommended
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Dual X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA)
low exposure radiographic measurement of spine and hips to measure bone density more accurate than ultrasonic bone density testing
235
Bone Marrow Transplant (BMT)
treat certain type sof cancers (leukemia and lymphoma) which affect bone marrow 1. bone cancer and bone marrow are destroyed with high-intesnity radiation and chemotherapy 2. healthy bone marrow stem cells are transferred to recipient 3. The bone marrow stem cells migrate to spongy bone and multiply to form cancer-free red bone marrow 4. They eventually develop into blood cells
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Allogenic Bone Marrow Transplant
Use healthy bone marrow cells from acompatible donor (sibling) Danger of rejection of transplant unless perfect match
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Allogenic
originating within other
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Autologous Bone Marrow Transplant
patient receives his or her own bone marrow cells which have been harvested, cleaned, treated, and stored before the remaining bone marrow is destroyed
239
Autologous
originating within an indiviudal
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Orthotic
mechanical appliance designed to control, correct, or compensate for impaired limb function Example: shoe insert leg brace splint
241
Prosthesis
substitute for diseased or missing body part Example: leg that has been amputated
242
Arthrodesis
a.k.a surgical anklyosis surgical fusion of two bones to stiffen a joint (ankle, elbow, or shoulder) to treat severe arthritis or a damaged joint
243
Desis
to bind
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Arthrolysis
surgical looosening of an anklyosed joint
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Lysis
1. loosening or setting free 2. breaking down or destruction 3. indicate pathologic state or therapeutic procedure
246
Arthroscopic Surgery
minimally invasive procedure for the treatment of interior of a joint Example: torn cartilage can be removed with an arthroscope and instrument inserted through small incisions
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Chondroplasty
surgical repair of a damaged cartilage
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Synovectomy
surgical removal of a synovial membrane from a joint performed endoscopically Example: repair joint damage due to rheumatoid arthritis
249
Arthroplasty
Surgical repair of a damaged joint (medical meaning) Surgical placement of artifical joint (actual meaning) procedures are named for involved joint and the amount f joint that is replaced
250
Implant
the joint replacement part that is a prosthesis
251
Name the types of Arthroplasty
``` Total Knee Replacement Partial Knee Replacement Total Hip Replaement Hip Resurfacing Revision Surgery ```
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Total Knee Replacement
a.k.a TKR or total knee arthroplasty all parts of knee are replaced
253
Partial Knee Replacement
a.k.a PKR describe a procedure in which part of the knee is replaced
254
Total Hip Replacement
a.k.a THR or total hip arthroplasty performed to restore a damaged hip to full function 1. lasting lining is fitted into acetabulum to restore smooth surface 2. head of femur is removed and replaced with a metal ball attached to a metal shaft (that is fitted into the femur0 3. these smooth surfaces restore hip joint function
255
Hip Resurfacing
alternative to removing the femur in a THr femur is restored to the hop by placing a metal cap over the head of the femur --> this allows for it to move smoothly over a metal lining in the acetabulum
256
Revision Surgery
replacement of a worn or failed implant
257
What are the spinal column treatment procedures
Percutaneous Diskectomy Percutaneous Vertebroplasty Laminectomy Spinal Fusion
258
Percutaneous Diskectomy
performed to treat herniated intervertebral disk thin tube is inserted through the skin of the back to suction out the ruptured disk or vaporize it with a laser
259
Percutaneous
performed through the skin
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Percutaneous Vertebroplasty
performed to treat osteoporosis-related compression fractures minimally invasive procedure in which bone cement is injected to stabilize compression fractures within the spinal column
261
Laminectomy
surgical removal of a lamina or posterior portion of vertebra
262
Spinal Fusion
technique to immobilize part of the spine by fusing two or more vertebrae
263
What are the 8 bone treatment procedures?
``` Craniectomy Craniotomy Cranioplasty Oteoclasis Ostectomy Osteorraphy Osteotomy Periosteotomy ```
264
Craniectomy
surgical removal of a portion of the skull performed to treat craniostenosis or to relieve increased intracranial pressure due to swelling of brain
265
Intracranial Pressure
amount of pressure in the skull
266
Craniotomy
surgical incision or opening into the skull to gain access to the brain to remove a tumor, relieve intracranial pressure, or obtain access for other surgical procedures
267
Craniplasty
surgical repair of the skull
268
Osteoclasis
surgical fracture of a bone to correct a deformity
269
Clasis
to break
270
Ostectomy
surgical removal of a bone
271
Osteorraphy
surgical suturing or wiring together of bones
272
Osteotomy
surgical cutting of a bone through removing part or all of a bone OR cutting into/through a bone
273
Periosteotomy
an incision through the periosteum to the bone
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Closed reduction
a.k.a manipulation attempted realignment of the bone involved in a fracture or joint dislocation the affected bone is returned to normal anatomic alignment by the manually applied force, and is immobilized to maintain the realigned position during healing
275
Open Reduction
realigns the bone parts | used when closed reduction is not practical, and surgical procedure is needed
276
Immbolization
a.k.a stabilization act of holding, suturing, fastening the bone in a fixed position with strapping or a cast
277
Traction
pulling force exerted on a limb in the distal direction to return the bone or joint to normal alignment
278
External Fixation
fracture treatment procedure pins are placed through the soft tissue and bone so that an external appliance will hold the bone firmly in place during healing appliance is removed after healing is complete
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Internal Fixation
a.k.a open reduction internal fixation or ORIF fracture treatment procedure plate or pins are placed directly into the bone to hold the pieces in place not removed after the fracture after healing
280
BDT
bone density testing
281
CR
closed reduction
282
Fx
fracture
283
OA
osteoarthritis
284
OP
osteoporosis
285
PKR
partial knee replacement
286
PMR
polymyalgia rheumatica
287
RA
rheumatoid arthritis
288
THA
total hip arthroplasty
289
TKA
total knee arthroplasty

med term (9 decks)

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