Chapter 4 Flashcards
1
Q
bi
A
twice, double, two
2
Q
cele
A
hernia, tumor, swelling
3
Q
dys
A
bad, difficult, painful
4
Q
fasci/o
A
fascia
fibrous band
5
Q
fibr/o/
A
fibrous tissue
fiber
6
Q
ia
A
abnormal condition
disease
7
Q
ic
A
pertaining to
8
Q
kines or kinesi
A
movement
9
Q
myo
A
muscle
10
Q
plegia
A
paralysis or stroke
11
Q
rrhexis
A
rupture
12
Q
taxo
A
coordination or order
13
Q
teno tendo tendino
A
tendon
stretch out
extend
strain
14
Q
tono
A
tone
stretching
tension
15
Q
tri
A
three
16
Q
5 Functions of Muscular System
A
- hold the body erect and make movement possible
- generate 85% of heat that keeps body warm
- move food through digestive system
- muscle movement aids flow of blood through veins as it returns to the heart
- muscle action moves fluid through ducts and tubes associated with other body systems
17
Q
musculoskeletal system
A
refers to the muscular and skeletal system
provide body with form, support, stability, and ability to move
18
Q
Describe statistics of the muscular system
A
greater than 600 musclels
40-45% of body weight
19
Q
Briefly describe skeletal muscle
A
Are composed of fibers that are covered with fascia
Attached to bone by tendons
20
Q
Muscle Fiber
A
long, slender cells that compose muscles
each muscle consists of a group of fibers bound together by connective tissue
21
Q
Fascia
A
band of connective tissue that envelops, separates or binds together muscle or groups of muscles
is flexible to allow muscle movement
22
Q
Tendon
A
narrow band of nonelastic, dense, fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
23
Q
Ligaments
A
bands of fibrous tissue that form joints by connecting bone to bone
24
Q
Patellar Tendon
A
attach muscle to bottom of patella (kneecap)
25
Achilles Tendon
attach gastrocnemius muscle (major muscle of calf of leg) to heel bone
26
Aponeurosis
sheet-like fibrous connective tissue resembling flattened tendon connecting muscles together OR to a bone.
e.g. abdominal aponeurosis
27
Types of muscle
skeletal
smooth
myocardial
28
Skeletal Muscle
attach to the bone of skeletal
make body movement possible
a. k.a voluntary muscle because we have conscious or voluntary control over the muscle
a. k.a striated muscle because the dark and light bands in the muscle fibers create a striped appearance
29
striated
striped
30
Where are smooth muscles located?
walls of internal organs (digestive tract, blood vessel, duct leading from gland)
31
The function of smooth muscle
to move and control the flow of fluid through internal organs
32
What are smooth muscles also known as?
involuntary muscle
= under control of ANS and are not voluntary
unstriated muscle
= do not have dark and light bands that produce striped appearance
visceral muscle
= found in hollow structure (digestive and urinary system)
= are found in large internal organs (except the heart)
33
visceral
pertaining to the interior
34
Myocardial muscle
a.k.a myocardium or cardiac muscle
form muscular wall of the heart
looks like striated skeletal muscle but is involuntary (like smooth muscle)
its contact contraction and relaxation causes a heartbeat
35
why are muscle movements possible (3)
1. specialized muscle type
2. muscle innervation
3. organization of muscle into antagonistic muscle pairs
36
Muscle Innervation
stimulation of a muscle by an impulse transmitted by a motor nere
37
Motor Nere
enable brain to stimulate a muscle to contract
when stimulation stops, muscle relaxes
control body's voluntary muscular contractions
38
Nerve impulse interruption
- disrupted due to an injury or disease
- muscle will be unable to function properly
- may cause paralysis or unable to contact properly
39
Neuromuscular
the relationship between a nerve and a muscle
40
Antagonistic
working in opposition to each other
41
Antagonistic Muscle Pairs
Muscles in each pair are made up of specialized cells that can change length or shape by contracting or relaxing
42
contraction
tightening of a muscle
causes muscle to become shorter and thicker, and the belly or center of the muscle enlargeds
43
relaxation
muscle returns to original form
becomes longer and thinner, and belly is no longer enlarged
44
Abduction
movement of a limb away from the midline of the body
limb moves outward and away from side of body
45
Abductor
muscle that moves body part away from midline
46
Adduction
movement of limb toward midline of the body
limb moves inward toward side of body
47
Adductor
muscle that moves body part toward the midline
48
Ion
action
49
ab
away from
50
ad
toward
51
duct
to lead
52
Flexion
decrease angle between two bones by bending a limb at a joint
knee or elbow is bent
53
Flexor muscle
bends limb at a joint
54
flex
to bend
55
extension
increase angle between two bones or straightening out a limb
knee or elbow is straightened
56
ex
away from
57
tens
stretch out
58
Extensor muscle
straighten limb at joint
59
hyperextension
extreme or overextension of a limb or body part beyond normal limit
e.g. movement of head far backward or far forward causes hyperextension of neck muscles
60
Elevation
raising or lifting body part
e.g. elevation of levator anguli oris muscles of face raise corner of mouth into smile
61
levator
muscle that raises body part
62
Depression
act of lowering a body part
e.g. depressor anguli oris lowers corner of mouth into frown
63
depressor
muscle that lowers body part
64
rotation
circular movement around an axis such as a shoulder joint
turns bone on own axis
65
axis
imaginary line that runs lengthwise through center of the body
66
Circumduction
circular movement at the far end of the limb
e.g. swinging motion of the far end of the arm
67
rotator muscle
turn body part on axis
the humerus
= the head of the humerus rotates within the shoulder joint
68
rotator cuff
group of muscles and their tendons that hold the head of the humerus securely in place as it rotates within the shoulder joint
69
supination
act of rotating arm or leg so that the palm of the hand or sole of the foot is turned forward or upward
70
pronation
act of rotating the arm or legs so that the palm of the hand or the sole of the foot is turned downward or backward
71
dorsiflexion
movement that bends the foot upward at the ankle
decreased angle between top of foot and front of leg
72
plantar flexion
movement that bends the foot downward at the ankle
increase angle between top of foot and front of leg
73
plantar
pertaining to sole of the foot
74
superficial muscle
named because they are located near the surface, just under the skin
75
How are muscles named (7)
origin and insertion
action
location
fiber direction
number of divisions
size or shape
strange reasons
76
origin
one point of attachment
where muscle begins
located nearest the midline of the body or on a less movable part of the skeleton
less movable attachment
77
insertion
point of attachment
where muscle ends by attaching to a bone or tendon
more movable attachment
farthest point from midline of the body
78
sternocleidomastoid muscle
bend the neck and rotate the head
```
origin = stern/o or breastbone AND cleid/o or collar bone
insertion = mastoid process
```
79
mastoid process
part of temporal bone located just behind ear
80
mastoid muscle
inserts at one point of insertion into mastoid process
81
Muscles named for action
flexor carpi muscle
extensor carpi muscle
allow for bending and straightening of the wrist
82
carpi
wrist or wrist bone
83
Muscles named for location
pectoralis major
lateralis
medialis
84
pectoralis major
thick and fan-shaped muscle on the anterior chest wall
85
pectoral
relating to chest
86
lateralis
toward the side
87
vastus lateralis
large muscle toward outer side of the leg
88
vastus
huge
89
medialis
toward the medline
90
vastus medialis
muscle toward midline of the leg
part of quadriceps that flex and extend at the knee
91
Muscles named for fiber direction
external oblique and internal oblique muscles
= are at slanted alignment
rectus abdominis and rectus femorus
= straight alignment
anal sphincter
= closes the anus
transverse abdominis
= muscle in abdomen with crosswise alignment
92
Oblique
slanted or at angle
93
Rectus
in straight alignment with the vertical axis of the body
94
Sphincter
ring-like muscle that tightly constricts the opening of a passageway
named for passage involved
95
Transverse
in crosswise direction
96
Muscles named for number of divisions
biceps brachii or biceps : formed from two divisions
triceps brachii or triceps: formed from three divisions
flex and extend upper arm
97
ceps
head
98
Muscles named for size or shape
named because they are too broad or narrow, large or small
named because they resemble a familiar object
gluteus Maximus: largest muscle of the buttock
deltoid muscle: located on shoulder and shaped like inverted triangle (like the Greek letter Delta)
99
Muscles named for strange reasons
e.g. hamstring group
= located on back of upper leg
= three separate muscles: biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembraneous
= knee flexion and hip extension
named because they're the muscles by which a butcher hangs a slaughtered pig
100
Muscles of the head
frontalis
temporalis
masseter
101
Frontalis
a.k.a occipitofrontalis
in the forehead
raise and lower eyebrows
102
Temporalis
move lower jaw up and back to close the mouth
103
Masseter
move lower jaw up to close mouth when chewing
one of the strongest of the body
104
Muscles of the trunk
pectoralis major
external and internal oblique muscle
rectus abdominis
transverse abdominis
105
pectoralis major
male : makes up the bulk of the chest muscle
| female : muscle lies under the breast
106
external and internal oblique muscle
found in abdomen
external oblique muscles:
= flex and rotate vertebral column
= flex torso and compress abdomen
```
internal oblique muscles:
= flex the spine
= support the abdominal contents
= help breathe
= rotate the spine
```
107
rectus abdominis
flex the trunk
assist in breathing
support the spine
108
transverse abdominis
located on side of the abdomen
core muscle
engaged when one laughs or coughs
109
muscles of shoulders and arms
deltoid
trapezius
biceps brachii
triceps brachii
110
deltoid
form muscular cap of the shoulder
111
trapezius
muscle moves the head and shoulder blade
112
biceps brachii
located in anterior upper arm
| flex elbow
113
triceps brachii
located in posterior upper arm
| extend the elbow
114
Muscles of the legs
rectus femoris
quadriceps femoris
hamstring group
gastrocnemius
115
Rectus femoris
extends the leg at the knee
116
quadriceps femoris
made up of four muscles
includes vastus lateralis and vastus medialis, which flex and extend the knee
117
hamstring group
involved in knee flexion and hip extension
118
gastrocnemius
calf muscle that flexes knee and bends foot downward
comes from latin for stomach of the leg, because the way the muscle bulges out
119
Exercise physiologist
specialist who works under supervision of a physician to develop, implement, and coordinate exercise programs and administer medial tests to promote physical fitness
120
neurologist
specialize in treating cause of paralysis and similar muscular disorders in which there is a loss of function
121
occupational therapist (OT)
enable patients to participate in ADL
including self care, education, work, or social interaction
122
physiatrist
a physician who specializes in physical medicine and rehabilitation with the focus on restoring function
123
rehabilitation
restoration, following disease, illness, or injury, of the ability to function in a normal or near-normal manner
124
physical therapist (PT)
provide treatment to prevent disability or restore function through use of exercise, heat, massage, or other techniques
125
sports medicine physician
specializes in treating sports-related injuries of bones, joints, and muscles
126
Fasciitis
inflammation of fascia
127
fasci
fascia
128
fibromyalgia
debilitating chronic condition characterized by fatigue; diffuse or pain; other symptoms
129
fibro
fibrous tissues
130
debilitating
condition causing weakness
131
tenosynovitis or tenonitis
inflammation of the sheath surroundinga tendon
132
synov
synovial membrane
133
tendin
tendon
134
chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS)
disorder of unknown cause that affects many body systems
known as myalgic encephalomyelitis
debilitating and complex that is not improved by bed rest and IS worsened with physical and mental activity
similar to fibromyalgia
135
adhesion
band of fibrous tissue that holds structures together abnormally
form in muscles or in internal organs as a result of injury or surgery
136
atrophy
weakness or wearing away of body tissue and structure
| caused by pathology or by disuse of muscle over long period of time
137
myalgia
tenderness or pain in muscles
138
myocele
herniation or protrusion of muscle substance through a tear in the fascia surrounding it
139
hernia
protrusion of a part of a structure through the tissues normally containing it
140
myolysis
degeneration of muscle tissue
141
ysis
destruction or breaking down in disease
142
degeneration
deteroritation or breaking down
143
deterioriation
process of becoming worse
144
myorrhexis
rupture or tearing of a muscle
145
polymyositis
muscle disease characterized by simultaneous inflammation and weakening of voluntary muscles in MANY parts of the body.
affected muscles are closest to the trunk or torso
resulting weakness can be severe
146
rhabdomyolysis
a serious syndrome that can result from direct or indirect muscle injury
death of muscle fibers releases their contents into the bloodstream, where they can lead to complications such as renal failure
147
rhabdomy/o
striated muscle
148
lysis
breakdown
149
sarcopenia
loss of muscle mass, strength, and function that come with aging
weight or resistance training program can improve the muscle mass and SLOW, not stop the process
150
sarc/o
flesh
151
penia
deficiency
152
muscle tone
state of balanced muscle tension (Contraction and Relaxation) that makes normal posture, coordination, and movement possible
153
tonic
lacking normal muscle tone or strength
154
dystonia
conditional of abnormal muscle tone that causes impairment of voluntary muscle movement
155
hypotonia
condition in which there is diminished tone of the skeletal muscles
156
on
tone
157
ataxia
lack of muscle coordination during voluntary movement
shaky and unsteady movements caused by abnormal activity in cerebellum
158
tax
coordination
159
contracture
permanent tighting of fascia, muscles, tendons, ligaments or skin that occurs when normally elastic connective tissues are replaced by nonelastic fibrous tissues
due to scarring OR lack of use due to immobilization or inactivity
160
intermittent claudication
pain in leg muscles that occurs during exercise
relieved by rest
due to poor circulation
associated with peripheral vascular disease
161
intermittent
coming and going at intervals
162
claudication
limping
163
spasm
sudden and involuntary contraction of one or more muscles
e.g. tic : repeated spasm often involving eyelids or face
difficult or impossible to control
164
myoclonus
quick and involuntary jerking of a muscle or group of muscles
occur normally as person is falling asleep or from neurological disorder (epilepsy, metabolic condition, response to medication)
165
clon
violent action
166
singultus
hiccups
myoclonus of the diaphragm that causes the characteristic hiccup sound with each spasm
167
cramp
painful localized muscle spasm named for its cause (menstrual cramps or writer's cramp)
Charley horse = slang term for cramp in the leg that came into us in 1880s among basketball players
168
torticollis
wryneck
stiff neck due to spasmodic contraction of the neck muscles that pull head toward affected side
169
bradykinesia
extreme slowness in movement
symptom of Parkinson's disease
170
dyskinesia
distortion or impairment of voluntary movement resulting in fragmented or jerky motions
171
hyperkinesia
also known as hyperactivity
abnormally increased muscle function or activity
172
myasthenia gravis (MG)
chronic autoimmune disorder
affect neuromuscular junction (where neuron activates muscle to contract)
produce serious weakness of voluntary muscles
affect muscles that control eye movement, facial expression, chewing and talking, swallowing, etc...
173
muasthenia
muscle weakness
asthenia= weakness or lack of strength
174
gravis
latin for grave or serious
175
muscular dystrophy or muscular dystrophies
general term for more than 30 genetic diseases characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of skeletal muscles
do not impact nervous system
no specific treatment to stop or reverse any form of the disease
two common forms are
DMD
BMD
176
DMD or duchenne muscular dystrophy
most common form of muscular dystrophy in children
primarily affects boys with onset between 3 and 5
progresses rapidly so that most boys are unable to walk by age 12 and develop breathing difficulty and heart disease
177
BMD or becker muscular dystrophy
similar to but less severe than DMD
178
REpetitive Stress Disorder
a.k.a repetitive motion disorder
muscular conditions that result from repeated motions performed in the course of normal work, daily activity, or recreation such as sports
symptoms: repeated motions involving muscles, tendons, nerves, and joints
179
Compartment Syndrome
involves the compression of nerves and blood vessels due to swelling within the "compartment"
caused by trauma, tight bandages or casts, repetitive activity
180
compartment
enclosed space created by the fascia that separates groups of muscles
181
overuse injuries
minor tissue injuries that have not been given time to heal
caused by spending hours at the computer keyboard or lengthy sports training sessions
182
overuse tendinitis
aka overuse tendinosis
inflammation of tendons caused by excessive or unusual use of joint
183
stress fracture
type of overuse injury
184
myofascial pain syndrome
a chronic pain disorder that affects muscleds and fascia throughout the body
caused by a muscle being contracted repetitively
development of trigger points, producing local and referred muscle pain
185
trigger points
tender areas that most commonly develop where the fascia comes into contact with a muscle
186
referred pain
pain that originates in one area of the body but is felt in another
187
What are 3 rotator cuff injuries
impingment syndrome
rotator cuff tendinitis
ruptured rotator cuff
188
impingement syndrome
when inflamed and swollen tendons are caught in the narrow space between the bones of the shoulder joint
common symptom: discomfort when raising your arm above your head
189
rotator cuff tendinitis
inflammation of tendons of the rotator cuff
named for cause: tennis shoulder or pitcher's shoulder
190
ruptured rotator cuff
develops when rotator cuff tendinitis is left untreated or if the overuse continues
occurs as irritated tendon weakens and tears
191
carpal tunnel syndrome
occur when tendons that pass through the carpal tunnel are chronically overused and become inflamed and swollen
swelling created pressure on the median nerve
192
carpal tunnel
narrow bony passage under the carpal ligament that is located just below the inner surface of the wrist
median nerve and the tendons that bend the fingers pass through
193
carpal tunnel. release
surgical enlargmeent of carpal tunnel or cutting of the carpal ligament to relieve the pressure on tendons and nerves
194
ganglion cyst
harmless & fluid-filled swelling that occurs most commonly on the outer surface of the wrist
caused by repeated minor injuries
does not require treatment
195
epicondylitis
inflammation of tissues surrounding elbow
196
condyl
condyle
197
condyle
round prominence at the end of the bone
198
`lateral epicondylitis
tennis elbow
| characterized by pain on outer side of forearm
199
medial epicondylitis
golfers elbow
| characterized by pain on palm side of forearm
200
heel spur
calcium deposit in the plantar fascia near its attachment to the calcaneus (heel bone) that is a casue of plantar fasciitis
201
plantar fasciitis
inflammation of plantar fascia on the sole of the foot
| causes foot or heel pain when walking or running
202
sprain
injury to joint (ankle knee or wrist) when ligament is wrenched or torn
203
strain
inury to the body of the muscle or to attachment of tendon
associated with overuse injury that involve stretched or torn muscle or tendon attachment
204
shin splint
painful condition caused by tibialis anterior muscle tearing away from the tibia (the sh8in bone)
develop in anterolateral or posteromedial muscles of lower leg
due to repeated stress to lower leg (running on hard surface)
205
hamstring injury
strain or tear on any of the three hamstring muscles that straighten hip and bend the nee
when muscles contract too quickly, an injury can occur that is characterized by sudden and severe pain in back of thigh
206
Achilles tendinitis
inflammation of achilles tendon caused by excessive stress being placed on it
207
iliotibial band syndrome
overuse injury
ITBS
caused by ilitobial band running against bone often in the area of the knee
208
iliotibial band
runs from hipbone, diagonally across leg to the tibia
209
spinal cord injury
SCI
the type of paralysis caused by it depends on the level of vertebra closed to the injury. the higher the injury, the greater the paralysis
210
when does a SCI occur
when vertebra is broken and a piece of the broken bone is pressing into the spinal cord
if the vertebrae or pushed or pulled out of alignment
211
What does an SCI occur
ability of brain to communicate with body below level of injury is reduced or lost all together
results in improper function
212
incomplete injury
some function below level of injury, even though that function is not normal
213
complete injury
complete loss of sensation and muscle control below injury
does not mean there is no hope for improvement
214
paralysis
loss of sensation and voluntary muscle movemetns in a muscle through disease or injury to its nerve supply
temporary or permanent damage
215
myoparesis
weakness or slight muscular paralysis
216
paresis
partial or incomplete paralysis
217
hemiparesis
slight paralysis or weakness affecting one side of the body
218
hemiplegia
total paralysis affecting one side of the body
associated with brain damage or stroke
is contralateral
219
paralplegia
paralysis of both legs and lower part of the body
paralplegic
220
quadriplegia
paralysis of all four extremities
221
deep tendon reflexes
DTRs
tested with reflex hammer used to strike a tendon
222
reflex
involuntary response to stimulus
223
what do the results of DTRs say
no or abnormal response: disruption of nerve supply to the involved muscles
no reflexes may be due to deep coma or medications (heavy sedation) `
224
Range of Motion Testing
ROM
diagnostic procedure to evaluate joint mobility and muscle strength
increase strength flexibility mobility
225
Electromyography
diagnostic test that measures electrical activity within muscle fibers in response to nerve stimulation
results in electromyogram
used when people have symptoms of weakness and examination shows impaired muscle strength
226
electro
electricity
227
muscle biopsy
removal of a plug of tissue for examination.
needs biopsy needle
228
what are 3 medications given for muscular system
antispasmodic or anticholinergic
skeletal muscle relaxant
neuromuscular blocker
229
antispasmodic
a.k.a anticholinergic
supress smooth muscle contractions of stomach intestine and bladder
e.g. atropine = administered preoperatively to relax smooth muscles during surgery
230
skeletal muscle relaxant
administered to relax ceratin muscles
relieve stiffness, pain, discomfort caused by strains, sprains, or other muscle injury
act on CNS and may have negative interaction with alcohol and antidepressants
231
neuromuscular blocker
a.k.a meuromuscular blocking agent
drug that causes temp. paralysis by blocking transmission of nerve stimuli to the muscles
used as adjunct to anesthesia during surgery to cause skeletal muscles to relax
232
adjunct
in addition to
233
ergonomics
study of the human factors that affect design an operation of tools and work environment
applied to design of equipment and workspaces, to reduce injury strain and stress
234
myofascial release
specialized soft-tissue manipulation technique to ease pain of conditions (fibromyalgia, myofascial pain syndrome, movement restrictions, TMJ (temporomandibular joint disorders),and carpal tunnel syndrome
235
Occupational therapy
OT
| activities to promote recovery and rehab. to assist patient in ADL
236
ADL
activities of daily living
include grooming eating dressing
237
Physical Therapy
PT
prevent disability or restore function through use of exercise, heat, massage or other technique
238
therapeutic ultrasound
use high frequency sound waves to treat muscle injuries by generating heat deep within muscle tissue
eases pain, reduces muscle spasms, accelerates healing by increasing flow of blood into target tissue
239
transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
TENS
uses a device that delivers electrical impuses through skin, which causes change in muscles
240
RICE
rest
ice
compression
elevation
rest and ice for first few days to ease pain
compression means wrapping with stretch bandage
elevation minimizes swelling
should also use heat, stretching, and light exercise to help bring blood to injured area to speed healing
241
fasciotomy
surgical incision through fascia to relieve tension or pressure
used to treat compartment syndrome
without this procedure, pressure causes loss of circulation that damages affected tissue
242
fascioplasty
surgical repair of fascia
243
tenodesis
surgical sutring of end of tendon to a bone
244
tenolysis
release of tendon from adhesions
245
tenorraphy
surgical suturing together divided ends of tendon
246
tenotomy
surgical incision into a tendon
247
ultrasound-guided percutaneous needle tenotomy
PNT
treat chronic tendon pain by using ultrasound guided needle insertions to stimulate scar tissue healing within the tendon
used with platelet-rich plasma therapy
248
platelet rich plasma therapy
some of patients blood is injected into scar tissue to promote increased blood flow and healing
249
yorraphy
surgical suturing of a muscle
250
myotomy
surgical incision into muscle
251
CTS
carpal tunnel syndrome
252
CFS
chronic fatigue syndrome
253
EMG
electromyography
254
hemi
hemiplegia
255
IC
intermittent claudication
256
MD
muscular dystrophy
257
MG
myasthenia gravis
258
OT
occupational therapy
| occupational therapist
259
PM
poymyositis
260
quad
quadriplegia
| quadriplegic
261
RSD
repetitive stress disorder
262
ROM
range-of-motion testing
263
PTA
physical therapy assistant
264
AT
athletic trainer
