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chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

lymph

A

fluid that removes cellular waste products, pathogens, and dead blood cells from the tissues

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2
Q

lymphatic vessels and ducts

A

capillaries, vessels, and ducts that return lymph from tissues to the venous bloodstream

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3
Q

lymph nodes

A

bean-shaped structures of the lymphatic system where pathogens and other harmful substances are filtered from the lymph by specialized cells of the immune system.

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4
Q

tonsils and adenoids

A

lymphoid structures of the lymphatic system that protect the entry to the respiratory system.

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5
Q

spleen

A

a sac-like mass of lymphoid tissue with protective roles in both the immune and lymphatic system

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6
Q

bone marrow

A

produces lymphocytes, which are specialized leukocytes (WBC)

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7
Q

lymphocytes

A

specialized leukocytes that play important role in immune reactions

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8
Q

thymus

A

a gland located in the upper chest with specialized roles in lymphatic and immune systems

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9
Q

functions of lymphatic system

A
  1. absorb fat and fat-soluble vitamins through lacteals of the small intestine
  2. remove waste product from tissue & cooperate with immune system to destroy invading pathogens
  3. return filtered lymph to the veins at the base of the beck
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10
Q

How is food digested?

A

In the small intestine, which is lined with small finger-like projects known as villi

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11
Q

villi/villus

A

finger-like projection containing lacteals and blood vessels

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12
Q

lacteal

A

specialized structure of the lymphatic system that absorbs fats that cannot be transported by the bloodstream

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13
Q

What happens to fats that cannot be transported to the bloodstream?

A

the fats are instead transformed in the cells of the lacteals

the lymphatic vessels return the fats to venous circulation so they can be used throughout the body as nutrients.

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14
Q

What do the blood vessels of a villus do?

A
  1. absorb nutrients, fats, fat-soluble vitamins from digested food directly into the bloodstream for use throughout the body.
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15
Q

Interstitial fluid

A

a.k.a intercellular or tissue fluid

plasma from arterial blood that flows out of the arterioles and into the capillaries, and then flows into the spaces between the cells or tissues

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16
Q

What are the two functions of interstitial fluid?

A
  1. deliver nutrients, oxygen, and hormones to the cells
  2. brings waste products and protein molecules that were created within the cells with it when it leaves the cells

90% of the fluid returns to the bloodstream

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17
Q

Lymph

A

made up of the remaining 10% of interstitial fluid

clear watery fluid containing electrolytes and protein.

role in lymphatic system as it works in close cooperation with immune system

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18
Q

What are the 3 functions of lymph?

A
  1. collects protein molecules created within the cells as it leaves. + removes dead cells, debris, and pathogens (including cancer cells) from intercellular spaces
  2. enter very small capillaries within the tissues and then flow into progressively larger vessels and ducts as it travels in a one-way trip upward to the neck.
  3. active role in cooperation with the immune system to protect the body against invading microorganisms and disease
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19
Q

Lymphatic Circulatory System

A

referred to as the secondary circulatory system

similar to the blood circulatory system

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20
Q

Describe the circulation and pumping of the lymphatic versus blood circulatory system?

A

Blood

  1. circulate through entire body in a loop, pumped by heart
  2. flows in open system in which it leaves and reenters the blood vessels through the capillaries

Lymph

  1. does not have a pump-like organ; depend on muscle pumping motion
  2. flows in one direction; from origin upward until it returns to circulatory system at base of the neck from lymphatic capillary.
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21
Q

Describe the filtration and color of blood versus lymph?

A

Blood

  1. filtered by kidney
  2. waste product are excreted by urinary system
  3. color makes arteries and veins visible

Lymph

  1. filtered by lymph nodes located along lymphatic vessels (nodes contain specialized cells of immune system)
  2. not visible as lymph is clear
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22
Q

Lymphatic Capillaries

A

microscopic, blind-ended (sealed on one end) tubes located near-surface of the body with capillary walls that are only 1 cell in thickness

the cells in the capillary briefly separate to allow lymph to enter the capillary. the cells close forcing lymph to flow upward and forward.

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23
Q

Lymphatic vessel

A

location in which lymph flows into from the lymphatic capillaries

located deeper within the tissue

have valves to prevent the backward flow of lymph

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24
Q

Lymphatic ducts

A

two ducts are formed when the larger lymphatic vessels join together

each duct drains a specific part of the body and returns lymph to the venous circulation.

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25
Q

right lymphatic duct

A
  1. collect lymph from the right side of head/neck, upper right quadrant of body, right arm
  2. empties into right subclavian vein
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26
Q

Subclavian vein

A

the proximal part of the main vein of the arm

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27
Q

Thoracic Duct

A

largest lymphatic vessel in body

  1. collect lymph from left side of the head and the neck, the upper left quadrant, left arm, lower portion of trunk, both legs
  2. empty into left subclavian vein
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28
Q

Lymph node

A

small, bean-shaped node containing specialized lymphocytes capable of destroying pathogens.

When lymph flows into the nodes, lymphocytes destroy harmful substances (bacteria, virus, malignant cells).

Additional structures within the node filter the lymph to remove other impurities.

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29
Q

What does lymph do after the lymph node?

A

Leave the lymph node and continue journey to become part of the venous circulation again.

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30
Q

Describe statistics of lymph nodes?

A

400-700 lymph nodes are located along larger lymphatic vessels

1/2 of lymph nodes are in the abdomen

Most of the remainder are positioned on branches of larger lymphatic vessels throughout the body

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31
Q

3 Groups of lymph nodes named for location

A

Cervical
Axillary
Inguinal

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32
Q

cervical lymph node

A

located along side of neck

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33
Q

axillary lymph node

A

under arms in the area of the armpit

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34
Q

inguinal lymph node

A

in inguinal (groin) area of lower abdomen

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35
Q

Lymphocytes

A

a.k.a lymphoid cell
leukocytes formed in bone marrow as stem cells

work with body’s organs to defend the body against antigens

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36
Q

Antigen

A

substance that the body regards as being foreign

= virus, bacteria, toxin, transplanted tissue

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37
Q

What are the types of lymphocytes?

A

natural killer cells
B cells
T cells

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38
Q

What two processes do lymphocytes undergo in the lymphoid tissue of the body?

A

Maturation = process of becoming mature

Differentiation = modified to perform a specific function

this is important because they enable the lymphocytes to act as specialized antibodies capable of attacking specific antigens

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39
Q

Natural Killer Cells

A

a.k.a NK cells

role in killing of cancer cells and cells infected by viruses

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40
Q

B Cells

A

a.k.a B Lymphocytes

specialized lymphocytes that produce antibodies

each lymphocyte creates a specific antibody that is capable of destroying a specific antigen (in a 1 to 1 ratio)

most effective against virus and bacteria circulating in blood

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41
Q

Describe the formation of a Plasma cell FROM a B cell

A

when a B cell is confronted with the antigen it is coded to destroy, the b cell is transformed into a plasma cell

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42
Q

Plasma Cell

A

secrete large volumes of antibodies coded to destroy specific antigens

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43
Q

T- Cells

A

a.k.a T lymphocytes

origin in Thymus

role in cell-mediated immunity

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44
Q

Cytokines

A

group of proteins (such as interferons and interleukins) released primarily by T cells

act as intracellular signals to begin immune response

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45
Q

Interferons

A

produced in response to the presence of antigens (specifically virus or tumor cells)

  1. activate the immune system
  2. fight viruses by stopping or slowing their multiplication
  3. signal other cells to increase their defenseds
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46
Q

Interleukins

A

multiple roles in immune system

  1. direct B and T cells to divide and proliferate
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47
Q

Lymphoid

A

pertaining to the lymphatic system or resembling the lymph or lymphatic tissue

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48
Q

What are the additional structures of the lymphatic system made up of?

A

lymphoid tissue

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49
Q

Tonsils

A

three masses of lymphoid tissue that form a protective ring around the back of the nose and upper throat

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50
Q

Role of the tonsils

A

role in immune system

prevent pathogens from entering the respiratory sytem when breathing through nose and mouth

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51
Q

adernoids

A

a.k.a nasopharyngeal tonsils

located in the nasopharynx or upper part of the pharynx

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52
Q

palatine tonsils

A

located on the left and right sides of the throat in the area that is visible at the back of the mouth

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53
Q

Palatine

A

the hard and soft palates that form the roof of the mouth

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54
Q

Lingual tonsils

A

located at the base of the tongue

not ready visible

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55
Q

lingual

A

pertaining to the tongue

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56
Q

thymus

A

mass of lymphoid tissue located above the heart

reaches greatest size and puberty and becomes smaller with age

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57
Q

Describe the endocrine and immune role of the thymus

A

endocrine = secrete a hormone that stimulates the maturation of lymphocytes into T cells

immune = T cells leave thymus through bloodstream and lymphatic system to enter the immune system

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58
Q

Vermiform Appendix

A

appendix

hang from lower portion of the cecum (first portion of large intestine)

MAY play an important role in immune system

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59
Q

spleen

A

sac-like mass of lymphoid tissue located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen, inferior to the diaphragm and posterior to the stomach

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60
Q

Function of the spleen

A
  1. filter microorganisms and other foreign material from the blood
  2. spleen forms lymphocytes and monocytes (specialized white blood cells)
  3. hemolytic function of destroying worn-out erythrocytes and releasing their hemoglobin for reuse.
  4. store extra erythrocytes (RBC) and maintain an appropriate balance between RBC and plasma of the blood.
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61
Q

pathogen

A

disease-producing microorganisms

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62
Q

allergens

A

substances that produce allergic reactions

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63
Q

toxins

A

poisonous or harmful substances

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64
Q

malignant cells

A

potentially threatening cancer cells

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65
Q

Immune System Functions

A
  1. prevent the entry of harmful substances into the body. if harmful substances do gain entry, the immune system works to destroy them
  2. use a complex system of chemical signaling between specialized cells to identify, attack, and remember antigens
    - coordinate highly specific response based on the type of antigen, and differentiates it from own body tissues to avoid attacking itself..
  3. uses “memory” of the invader to mount a more efficient future defense against antigen
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66
Q

First line of defense includes

A

intact skin
respiratory system
digestive system
lymphatic system + specialized leukocytes

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67
Q

intact skin

A

wrap the body in a physical barrier to prevent invading organisms from entering the body

covers skin in acid mantle

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68
Q

acid mantle

A

makes the skin an inhospitable environment for most bacteria

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69
Q

intact

A

no cuts, scrapes, open sores, or breaks in the skin

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70
Q

respiratory system (immune function)

A

trap breathed in foreign matter with nose hair and moist mucous membrane linings of the respiratory system

tonsils form a protective ring around the enterance of the throat.

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71
Q

Digestive system (immune function)

A

use acid and enzymes produced by the stomach to destroy invaders that are swallowed or consumed with food

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72
Q

lymphatic system + specialized leukocytes (immune function)

A

work together to attack and destroy pathogens that have suceeded in entering the body

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73
Q

antigen-antibody reaction

A

a.k.a immune reaction

antibodies bind to the foreign antigens to neutralize them and flag them for destruction by the macrophages

the reaction labels a potentially dangerous antigen so that it can be recognized and destroyed by other cells of the immune system.
the immune system immediatley respond to the presense of any antigen

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73
Q

antigen-antibody reaction

A

a.k.a immune reaction

binding antigens to antibodies

the reaction labels a potentially dangerous antigen so that it can be recognized and destroyed by other cells of the immune system.
the immune system immediatley respond to the presense of any antigen

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74
Q

tolerance

A

acquired unresponsiveness to a specific antigen.

decline in effective response to a drug (usually in repeated usi e)

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75
Q

antibody

A

disease-fighting protein created by immune system in response to the presense of a specific antigen

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76
Q

antigen (other word)

A

immnoglobulin

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77
Q

Immunoglobulin (antibody)

A

bind with specific antigens in the antigen-antibody response.

5 main types

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78
Q

5 main types of immunoglobins

A 
IgG 
IgA 
igM 
igD 
igE
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79
Q

IgG

A

immunoglobulin G

  1. a most abundant class of antibodies
  2. found in blood serum or lymph
    active against bacteria, fungi, viruses, foreign particles
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80
Q

igA

A

immunoglobulin A

class of antibodies produced predominantly against ingested antigens

found in body secretions (salivia,sweat, tears)

prevent attachment of viruses and bacteria to the epithelial surfaces that line most organs

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81
Q

igM

A

immunoglobulin M

class of antibodiese that circulate body fluids

first antibodies to appear in resposne to initial exposure to an antigen

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82
Q

igD

A

immunoglobulin D

class of antibodies found on the surface of B cellls

important in B cell activation

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83
Q

IgE

A

immunoglobulin E

class of antibodies produced in the lungs, skins, mucous membranes

responsible for allergic reactions

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84
Q

phagocytes

A

specialized leukocytes that are a part of the antigen-antibody reaction by destroying substances including cell debris, dust, pollen, pathogens through phagocytosis

  1. monocyte
  2. macrophage
  3. dendritic
  4. mast
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85
Q

Phagocytosis

A

process of destroying pathogens by surrounding and swallowing them

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86
Q

monocytes

A

leukocytes that provide immunological defenses against many infectious organisms

replenish macrophages and dendritic cells

macrophages derive from monocytes after they leave the bloodstream and enter the tissue.

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87
Q

macrophage

A

type of leukocyte that surrounds and kills invading cells

remove dead cells and stimulate action of other immune cells

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88
Q

dendritic cell

A

specialized leukocytes that patrol the body for antigens that produce infections.

if such a cell is found, the dendritic cell grabs, swallows, alerts B and T cells to act against it.

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89
Q

complement system

A

group of proteins that normally circulate in the blood in an active form.

when they are needed, the cells complement the ability of the antibodies to ward off pathogens by combining with them to dissolve and remove pathogen bacteria + foreign cells

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90
Q

complement

A

complete or make whole

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91
Q

immunity

A

state of being resistant to a specific disease.

- natural or acquired

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92
Q

Natural Immunity

A

a.k.a passive immunitiy

resistance to a disease present without the admistration of an antigen or exposure to a disease

present at birth

augmented during breastfeeding

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93
Q

Acquired Immunity

A

through a contagious disease

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94
Q

What is an example of acquired immunity

A

vacccination against a contagious disease (measles, polio)

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95
Q

Vaccine

A

prepeartion containing an antigen, consisting of whole-or-partial diseiase causing organisms (which have ben killed or weakened).

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96
Q

Vaccination

A

provide protect against disease

- may require a periodic booster to maintain erfffectiveness

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97
Q

Allergist

A

diagnosed and treat condition of altered immunologic reactivity (allergic reaction)

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98
Q

immunologist

A

specialise in diagnosis and treatment of disorders of immune system.

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99
Q

Lymphologist

A

physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of lymphatic system

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100
Q

oncologist

A

physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treamtent of malignantdisorders (tumors, cancer).

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101
Q

Lymphadenitis

A

a.k.a swollen glands
inflammation of lymph nodes

indication of infection

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102
Q

Lymphadenopathy

A

disease process affecting lymph node or nodes

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103
Q

lymphangioma

A

benign tumor formed by abnormal collecting of lymphatic vessels due to congenital malformation of the lymphatic system

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104
Q

ruptured spleen

A

medical emergency that occurs when the covering of the spleen is torn (as a result of a blow to the abdomen)

may result in splenorrhagia

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105
Q

splenorrhagia

A

bleeding from the spleen

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106
Q

splenomegaly

A

abnormal enlargement of the spleen

due to bleeding caused by injury

due to infectious disease (mononucleosis)

due to abnormal function of immune system

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107
Q

two conditions of the tonsils

A

tonsiitis

tonsillectomy

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108
Q

lymphoscintigraphy

A

diagnostic test performed to detect damage or malformations of the lymphatic vessels.

radioactive substance is injected into lymph ducts. a scanner or probe is used to follow movements of the substance on a computer screen

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109
Q

lymphedema

A

swelling of tissues due to abnormal accumulation of lymph fluid within the tissue

caused by damage to the lymphatic system prevents lymph from draining properly

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110
Q

What is lymphedema associated with? why

A

infections

because it is rich in protein (an environment that pathogense thrive in)

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111
Q

primary lymphedema

A

hereditary condition of the lymphatic system that develops with swelling beginning at the feet, progressing int the ankles and upwards direction along the legs.

most frequently in females during puberty

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112
Q

secondary lymphedema

A

caused by damage to the lymphatic vessels that is most frequently due to cancer treatment, surgery, trauma, burns

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113
Q

Primary and secondary lymphedema treatment

A

compression and exercise tocontrol swelling and minimzie infection

no cure

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114
Q

bioimpedance spectroscopy

A

noninvasive method of diagnosing lymphedema measures the resistance to an electrical current passed through affected limb

low results show a buildup of lymph

if lymphedema is found early with this technique, hopefully it does not travel farther

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115
Q

What does the effectiveness of the immune system depend on?

A

General Health: if the immune system is compromised by poor health, it will not be effective fully.

Age: older individuals have more acquired immjnity but are less quick/effective to new challenges

Babies and young children do not have as much acquired immunity, and their bodies have difficulty resisting challenges to the immune system

Heredity Genes and genetic disorders affect individual’s general health and functioning of immune system

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116
Q

Allergic reaction

A

occurs when body’s immune system reacts to harmless allergen (pollen, food, animal dander) as if it were a dangerous invader

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117
Q

Allergy

A

a.k.a hypersenstivity

overreaction by the body to a particular antigen

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118
Q

allergic rhinitis

A

allergic reaction to airborne allergen

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119
Q

allergen

A

substance that produces allergic reaction in an individual

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120
Q

localized allergic response

A

a.k.a cellular response

redness, itching, burning where the skin has come into contact with an allergen

  • contact with poision ivy can cause localized allergic response in the form of an itchy rash

although the body reacts mildly the first time, senstivity is eastablished and future contacts may be much worse

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121
Q

systemic reaction

A

a. k.a anaphylaxis
a. k.a anaphylactic shock

severe response to an allegen

symptoms develop quickly
patient can die within few minutes

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122
Q

scratch test

A

diagnostic test to identify commonly troublesome allergens (tree pollen, rag weed)

swelling and itching indicate infection

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123
Q

allergen specific immunoglobulin E

A

a.k.a IgE

blood test to determine whether a person is allergic to a particular substance

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124
Q

Anti-histamines

A

medications administered to relieve or prevent symptoms of hay fever and other allergies

they reverse the effect of histamine

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125
Q

Hay Fever

A

common allergy to wind-borne pollens

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126
Q

histamine

A

substance produced by body which causes itching, sneezing, runny nose, watery eyes of an allergic reaction

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127
Q

Autoimmune Disorder

A

a.k.a autoimmune disease

large group of diseases characterized by a condition in which immune system produces antibodies against its own tissues, mistaking healthy cells/tissues/organs for antibodies

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128
Q

How are autoimmune disorders transmitted?

A

genetically

predominantly occurs in women during childbearing years

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129
Q

Stats of autoimmune disorders

A

3% of Americans have one

Women are 2.7 times affected than man

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130
Q

Immunodeficiency Disorder

A

immune response is compromised

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131
Q

compromised

A

weakened or not functioning properly

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132
Q

Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)

A

inherited condition in which abnormalities in the immune system cause increased susceptibility to infection and failure to thrive as a result of infections.

part of infants newborn screening, although the condition is rare

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133
Q

skeletal system autoimmune disorder

A

rheumatoid arthritis

- joints and connective tissue

134
Q

muscular system autoimmune disorder

A

Myasthenia Gravis

- nerve and muscle synapse

135
Q

Cardiovascular system autoimmune disorder

A

Pernicious Anemia

- red blood cells

136
Q

Digestive system autoimmune disorder

A

Crohn’s disease affects the intestine, ileum, or the colon

137
Q

Nervous System autoimmune disorder

A

Multiple Sclerosis

- brain and spinal corde

138
Q

Integumentary System autoimmune disorder

A

scleroderma

- skin and connective tissue

139
Q

Endocrine system autoimmune disorder

A

Graves’ disease

- thyroid gland

140
Q

HIV

A

human immunodeficiency virus

blood-borne infection in which the virus damages or kills the T cells of the immune system, causing it to progressively fail –> leaving the body at risk of developing life-threatening opportunistic infections.

141
Q

Opportunistic Infection

A

caused by a pathogen that does not normally produce an illness in healthy humans

however, when host is debilitated, the pathogens may cause infection

142
Q

debilitaed

A

weakened by another condition

143
Q

AIDS

A

AIDS

fatal and advanced stage of HIV

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

144
Q

Treatment of HIV

A

a regimen of antiretroviral drugs referred to as a cocktail”

help control impact of disease on immune system, not cure it

145
Q

Kaposi’s sarcoma

A

opportunistic infection associated with HIV

a cancer that causes patches of abnormal tissue to grow

  1. under the skin
  2. lining of mouth, nose, throat
  3. other organs
146
Q

ELISA

A

enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

blood test used to screen for the presence of HIV antibodies, Lyme Disease, etc…

147
Q

western blot test

A

more accurate than ELISA

blood test to confirm diagnosis of ELISA when positive for HIV

148
Q

Why are western blot test’s important?

A

ELISA has false positives, which erroneously indicate HIV

149
Q

Immunotherapy

A

a.k.a biological therapy

disease treatment that involves either stimulating or repressing the immune response

150
Q

How is immunotherapy used in cancer treatment?

A

used to stimulate immune response to fight the malignancy

151
Q

stimulate

A

cause greater activity

152
Q

How is immunotherapy used in the treatment of allergies?

A

a.k.a allergy densensitization

to repress the body’s sensitivity to a particular allergen

153
Q

repress

A

decrease or stop a normal response

154
Q

3 Types of Antibody Therapy

A

synthetic immunoglobulin

synthetic interferon

monoclonal antibodies

155
Q

synthetic immunoglobulins

A

a.ka immune serum

post-exposure preventive measure against certain viruses (rabies and hepatitis)

goal = prevent disease from developing by providing temporary immunity

156
Q

post-exposure

A

after patient has been exposed to the virus

157
Q

synthetic interferon

A

used in the treatment of

  1. multiple sclerosis
  2. hepatitis C
  3. cancers
158
Q

Monoclonal Antibodies

A

class of antibodies produced in the laboratory by identical offspring of a clone of specific cells

they enhance a patient’s immune response to certain malignancies (non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, melanoma, breast cancer, colon cancer)

159
Q

monoclonal

A

pertaining to single clone of cells

160
Q

clone

A

replica of a group of bacteria

161
Q

Types of immunosuppression

A
  1. immunosuppressant
  2. corticosteroid drug
  3. cytotoxic drug
162
Q

immunosupression

A

treatment to repress or interfere with the ability of the immune system to respond to stimulation by antigens

163
Q

immunosuppressant

A

substance that prevents or reduces the body’s normal immune response

used to prevent rejection of donor tissue and to depress autoimmune disorders

164
Q

corticosteroid drug

A

hormone-like preparation administered primarily as an anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant.

corticosteroids are naturally produced by the endocrine system

165
Q

cytotoxic drug

A

medication that kills or damages cells

used as immunosuppressants or as anti-neoplastics.

166
Q

tox

A

poison

167
Q

pathogen

A

microorganism that causes a disease in humans

168
Q

microorganism

A

living organism that is so small that it can only be seen with the aid of a microscope

169
Q

pathogenic

A

capable of producing disease

170
Q

Bacteria

A

one-celled microscopic organisms that are USUALLY not harmful to humans

ones that are pathogenic are

  1. bacilli = anthrax
  2. rickettsia
  3. spirochetes = lyme disease
  4. staphylocci
  5. staphylococcus aureus
  6. streptocci
171
Q

bacilli

A

rod-shaped spore formed bacteria

172
Q

anthrax

A

a contagious disease that can be transmitted through livestock infected with Bacillus Anthracis

spores grown in labs have been used in biological warfare

173
Q

rickettsia

A

small bacterium that lives in lice, fleas, ticks, mites

rocky mountain spotted fever is caused by a rickettsia transmitted to humans through bite of infected tick

174
Q

spirochetes

A

long, slender spiral-shaped bacteria that have flexible walls and are capable of movement

175
Q

Lyme Disease

A

transmitted to humans by the bite of a tick that has contact with a deer infected with the spirochete Borrelia Burgdorferi

named after the town Old Lyme, Connecticut where it was diagnosed

176
Q

Symptoms of Lyme Disease

A

fever
headache
fatigue

char. skin rash known as erythema migrans

177
Q

Untreated Lyme disease

A

may spread to joints, heart, and nervous system

178
Q

What condition, besides Lyme disease, do spirochetes cause?

A

Syphillis

179
Q

Staphylococci

A

group of about 30 species of bacteria that form irregular groups or clusters resembling grapes or bunches of grapes.

most are harmless and reside on the skin and mucous membranes of humans and other organisms; however, some may cause serious infection

180
Q

staphyl

A

clusters or bunches of grapes

181
Q

cocci

A

spherical bacteria

182
Q

Staphylococcus Aureus

A

a.k.a staph aureus

form of staphylococcus that often infects wounds and causes serious problems such as

toxic shock syndrome
food poisoning

183
Q

streptococci

A

bacteria that form a chain

mainly harmless, however,some may cause

  1. strep throat
  2. meningitis
  3. endocarditis
  4. necrotizing fasciitis
184
Q

strep

A

twisted chain

185
Q

antibiotic-resistant bacteria

A

occur when antibiotics fail to kill all of the bacteria they target

surviving bacteria become resistant to particular drug

originally nosocomial, but now they are increasingly common in general population

186
Q

Describe the proportional relationship between antibiotic-resistant bacteria?

A

more resistant bacteria = severe consequences and longer illness = higher risk of complication

187
Q

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus

A

a.k.a MRSA

a bacteria resistant to bacteria

188
Q

symptom of MRSA

A

small red bump with black top

bumps become abscesses that require immediate care

189
Q

MRSA infectin

A

serious, difficult to treat, often fatal, and repeated infection

breaks the skin and allows bacteria to enter

increasingly present in general population

190
Q

Fungus

A

simple parasitic organism

- some are harmless while others are pathogenic

191
Q

Tinea Pedis

A

a.k.a athlete’s foot

fungal infection that develops between the toes

192
Q

Yeast

A

type of fungus

193
Q

yeast infection

A

a.k.a candiasis

occur in skin or mucous membrane in warm and moist areas such as the mouth and are caused by the pathogenic yeast CANDIDA ALBICANS

194
Q

oral thrush

A

yeast infection in mouth

195
Q

vaginal candidiasis

A

yeast infection in vagina

196
Q

parasite

A

plant or animal that lives on or within another living organism at the expense of that organism

malaria and toxoplasmosis

197
Q

Malaria

A

caused by parasite that lives in certain mosquitoes and is transferred by the bite of an infected mosquito

symptoms develop 1-4 weeks after being infected

  • fever
  • sharing
  • chills
  • headache
  • muscle ache
  • fatigue
198
Q

Toxoplasmosis

A

parasite transmitted by pet to human by contact with contaminated animal feces

pregnant woman should avoid this contact as it can cause microcephalus or hydrocephalus

199
Q

Microcephalus

A

abnormally small head

underdeveloped brain

200
Q

hydrocephalus

A

excess CSF accumulation in ventricles of the brain

201
Q

Viruses

A

small infectious agents that live by invading other cells

  • after invading the cell, it reproduces and breaks the wall of the infected cell to release the newly formed viruses
  • the viruses spread to other cells and repeat the process
202
Q

Ebola

A

rare and genetically fatal disease transmitted by contact with any bodily fluids infected by the Ebola Virus

  • transmitted only when symptoms are present
  • symptoms appear within 21 days of exposure
203
Q

Symptoms of Ebola

A

early symptoms appear within 21 days:

  • high fever
  • vomiting
  • diarrhea

late symptoms:

  • massive internal bleeding
  • organ failure
204
Q

Influenza

A

a.k.a flu

highly contagious viral respiratory infection that occurs in seasonal epidemics

vaccine is available

205
Q

flu symptoms

A
  • fever
  • sore throat
  • muscle ache
  • cough
  • runny nose
  • fatigue

pneumonia

206
Q

measles

A

acute & highly contagious infection transmitted by respiratory droplets of the rubeola virus.

207
Q

Measles symptoms

A
  • red, itchy rash over entire body
  • high fever
  • runny nose
  • cough

photophobia = severe sensitivity to light

208
Q

Mumps

A

acte viral infection characterized by swelling of the parotid glands (and sometimes the ovaries or the testicles)

209
Q

parotid glands

A

salivary glands located just in front of the ears

210
Q

Rubella

A

a. k.a german measles
a. k.a three-day measles

viral infection char. by low-grade fever, swollen glands, inflamed eyes, fine-pink rash.

serious in women during early pregnancy as it may cause defects in developing fetus

usually not long or evere

211
Q

MMR

A

measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination

prevent the 3 viral illnesses
administered in early childhood

212
Q

Rabies

A

an acute viral infection that is transmitted to humans through the bite or saliva of an infected animal.

213
Q

rabid

A

what an infected animal with rabies is said to be

214
Q

Explain post-rabies treatment.

A

If RISK is suspected, it is necessary to undergo testing immediately so that post-exposure treatment can be started as quickly as possible.

without testing/treating: signs and symptoms occur 30 to 90 days after the bite, and rabies will become fatal

215
Q

West Nile Virus

A

spread to humans through infected mosquito bite

mild form of the condition has flu-like symptoms whereas a severe form of the spinal cord and brain.

216
Q

What genus is West Nile a part of?

A

Flavivirus genus

includes viruses that cause mosquito-borne tropical disease dengue fever

217
Q

Herpesviruses

A

include:

varicella zoster
epstein-barr
cytomegalovirus
herples simplex

218
Q

Cytomegalovirus

A
  • found in most body fluids
  • present as a silent infection
  • may cause serious illness when
    1. the individual has a weakened immune system
    2. transmitted from mother to unborn child causing serious congenital disability to the child
219
Q

silent infection

A

individual has no signs or symptoms of the infection

220
Q

varicella

A

a.k.a chickenpox

caused by the herpes virus Varicella zoster

highly contagious

characterized by

  • fever
  • rash consisting of itchy, fluid-filled blisters that burst and form crusts
221
Q

Herpes Zoster

A

a.k.a shingles

an acute viral infection characterized by painful skin eruptions that follow the underlying route of an inflamed nerve

inflammation occurs when dormant varicella or chickenpox virus is reactivated later in life

vaccine is available and recommended for adults 60+

222
Q

Postherpetic NEuralgia

A

complication that may follow Herpes Zoster IF nerve fibers have been damaged

pain is severe and persistent

223
Q

Infectious Mononucleosis

A

mono

caused by Epstein-Barr virus

characterizeid by fever, sore throat, enlarged lymph nodes

swelling of the spleen or liver involvement may develop

224
Q

antibiotics

A

medications that inhibit the growth or kill pathogenic bacterial microorganisms

effective against bacterial infections, not viral infections

225
Q

inhibit

A

slow the grwoth or development

226
Q

bactericide

A

substance that causes the death of a bacteria

e.g. penicillins and cephalosporins

227
Q

Bacteriostatic agent

A

slow or stop growth of bacteria

e.g. tetracycline, sulfonamide, erythromycin

228
Q

antifungal

A

a.k.a antimycotic

destroy or inhibit the growth of fungi

229
Q

Example of antifungal

A

lotrimin

topical antifungal that is applied to treat or prevent athlete’s foot

230
Q

Antiviral drug

A

treat viral infections or provide temporary immunity

e.g. acyclovir

231
Q

oncology

A

study of the prevention,cuases, and reatments of tumors and cancer

232
Q

Describe cancer

A

named for part of body where cancer originates

attack all body system

second leading cause of death in US after heart disease

233
Q

tumor

A

a.k.a neoplasm

abnormal growth of body tissue where multiplication of cells is uncontrolled, abnormal, rapid, and prgoressive

234
Q

benign tumor

A

not a form of cancer nor life threatening tumor

235
Q

benign

A

not life threatening

but may cause damage as it grows or places pressure on adjacent structure

236
Q

myoma

A

example of benign tumor made up of muscle tissue

237
Q

malignant tumor

A

form of cancer capable of spreading to distant body sites, other body systems
potentially life threatening

238
Q

malignant

A

becoming progressively worse and life-threatening

239
Q

myosarcoma

A

malignant tumor derived from muscle tissue

240
Q

angiogenesis

A

process through which tumor supports its growth by creating its own blood supply

241
Q

antiangiogenesis

A

form of treatmetn that disrups the blood supply of a tumor

242
Q

cancer

A

class of diseases characterized by an uncontrolled division of cells and the ability of the cells to invade other tissues

(by invasion through direct growth into adjacent tissue)
(by spreading into distant cities by metastasizing)

243
Q

metastasize

A

spread from one place to another

from primary site to a second site through the lymphatic or circulatory system

244
Q

most common sites of metastatic tumors

A

bones
liver
lungs

245
Q

metastasis

A

describes the process by which cancer is spread to a new site

describes the tumor itself

can be in same bod system or within another

246
Q

metastasis origin

A

latin word meaning transition

247
Q

carcinoma

A

malignant tumor that occurs in epithelial tissue

tend to infiltrate and produce metastases that affect any organ or part of the body

248
Q

epithelial tissue

A

forms the protective covering for all of the internal and external surfaces of the body

249
Q

infiltrate

A

gain access to

250
Q

carcinoma in situ

A

malignant tumor in original position that has not yet disturbed or invaded surrounding tissue

251
Q

in situ

A

place where cancer first occured

252
Q

adenocarcinoma

A

an one of a large group of carcinomas derived from glandular tissue

253
Q

sarcoma (sarcomas or sarcomata)

A

malignant tumor that arises from connective tissues (hard, soft, and liquid connective tissue)

254
Q

hard-tissue sarcoma

A

arise form bone or cartilage

255
Q

osteosarcoma

A

hard-tissue sarcoma

involves upper shft of the long bones, pelvis, or knee

256
Q

soft-tissues sarcoma

A

cancers of th emuscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood, lymphatic vessels, or other supporting tissue (e.g. synovial tissues that line the cavities of the joints)

257
Q

synovial sarcoma

A

soft-tissue sarcoma

tumor of the tissues surrounding a synovial joint of the knees or elbows

258
Q

liquid tissue sarcoma

A

arise from blood or lymph

leukemia –> cancer of the white blood-forming cells in the bone marrow

259
Q

staging

A

process of classifying tumors by how far the disease has progressed, potential for responding to therapy, and patient’s prognosis

indicated by letters, numbers, or roman numerals
specific staging systems are used for different types of cancer

260
Q

basal cell carcinoma

A

carcinoma or malignant tumor in the basal cell layer of the epidermis

261
Q

stages of colorectal cancer

A
  1. cancerous tumor has formed within a polyp inside the colon
  2. cancer invades underlying tissue
  3. cancer spreads to underlying tissue and nearby lymph nodes
262
Q

lymphoma

A

general term applied to malignancies affecting lymphoid tissues

lymph nodes, spleen, liver, bone marrow

Hodgkin’s lymphoma and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

263
Q

Hodgkin’s lymphoma

A

a.k.a Hodgkin’s or Hodgkin disease

cancer of the immune system distinguished by presence of large, cancerous lymphocytes known as Reed-Sternberg Cells

the spread of the cells compromises body’s ability to fight infection

264
Q

What type of cells are present in Hodgkin’s lymphoma

A

Reed-Sternberg Cells

265
Q

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

A

common type as it refers to all other lymphomas besides Hodgkin’s lymphoma

originate in lymphocytes
some are aggressive (fast-growing)
some are indolent (slow growing)

266
Q

Breast Cancer

A

carcinoma that develops from cells of the breast

spreads to adjacent lymph nodes and other body sites

267
Q

What are the majority of Breast Cancers

A

ER-positive

grow in response to the hormone estrogen

268
Q

Genes for brest cancer

A

BRCA1 and BRCA 2 (BReast CAncer 1 and 2)

abnormal genes that carry a higher risk of breast, ovarian, and other cancers
often factor in inherited cancers

269
Q

Ductal Carcinoma in situ

A

breast cancer at the earliest stage before cancer has broken through the wall of the milk duct

the cure rate of 100%

270
Q

How are most bresat cancers detected

A

detected as a lump

if the lump is maloignant, it is a form of carcinoma

271
Q

infiltrating ductal carcinoma

A

start in milk duct and invades fatty breast tissue outside the duct

most common form

272
Q

inflammatory breast cancer

A

rare but aggressive form of breast cancer in which the cancer cells block the lymphatic vessels in the skin of the breast

rapid and symptoms include pain, rapid increase in breast size, redness or rash on breast, swelling of nearby lymph nodes

273
Q

Male Breast Cancer

A

occur in small amount of breast tissue that is normally present in men

similar to women breast cancer

274
Q

DCIS

A

Ductal carcinoma in situ

275
Q

IDC

A

Infiltrating ductal carcinoma

276
Q

IBC

A

Inflammatory brest cancer

277
Q

How is breast cancer staged

A
  1. size of the cancer
  2. lymph node involvement
  3. presence of metastases (spreading)
278
Q

Stage 0 breast cancer

A

cancer cells are found only in one location

ductal carcinoma in situ

279
Q

Stage 1 breast cancer

A

cancer cells have moved beyond the duct

cancer cells have not reached outside the breast into lymph nodes

280
Q

Stage 2 breast cancer

A

cancer has increased in size

cancer has reached one to three axillary lymph nodes

281
Q

Stage 3 breast cancer

A

cancer has spread to cervical lymph nodes or tissue surrounding breast (chest wall or skin)

inflammatory bresat cancer

282
Q

Stage 4 Brest Cancer

A

cancer has spread to other organs (brain lung liver bone)

known as invasive, metastatic cancer

283
Q

breast self-examination

A

self-care procedure for early detection of breast cancer

check for changes in lumps, nipples, and skin

284
Q

palpation of the breast

A

test performed by a trained health care provider to check texture, size, and consistency of he breast

285
Q

mammography

A

radiographic examination of the breasts to detect presence of tumors or precancerous cells

results in a mammogram

286
Q

molecular breast imaging

A

nuclear medicine technique using gamma radiation to detect potential tumors in particularly dense breast tissue

287
Q

MBI

A

molecular breast imaging

288
Q

ultrasound

A

used as initial follow-up test when abnormality is found in mammography

289
Q

breast MRI

A

use magnets and radio waves, and insertion of contrast medium via IV to get detailed information for those already diagnosed with cancer OR to look for signs of cancer in high risk patients

290
Q

Needle Breast Biopsy

A

x-ray or MRI guided needle to remove small samples of tissue from the breast for diagnosis and planning of treatment

less painful and disfiguring that surgical biopsy

291
Q

bi

A

two

life

292
Q

opsy

A

view of

293
Q

surgical biopsy

A

removal of a small piece of tissue for examination to confirm a diagnosis

after the diagnosis & stage have been established, a treatment plan is created

294
Q

sentinel node biopsy

A

biopsy of the first lymph nodes to come into contact with cancer cells as they leave the organ of origination and start spreading to the rest of the body6

after the sentinel lymph node is identified, only this and other effected nodes are removed for biopsy

295
Q

lymph node dissection

A

surgical procedure in which all of the lymph nodes in a major group are removed to determine or slow the spread of cancer in the area

296
Q

Lymph node dissectoin for breast cancer

A

axillary lymph node dissection

297
Q

lumpectomy

A

removal of a cancerous tissue with the surrounding margin of normal tissue

remainder of tissue of affected breast is not removed

298
Q

mastectomy

A

surgical removal of entire breast and nipple

often includes removal of axillary lymph nodes

299
Q

radial mastectomy

A

surgical removal of an entire breast and many surrounding tissues

300
Q

modified radical mastectomy

A

surgical removal of the entire breast and ALL of the axillary lymph nodes

301
Q

breast reconstruction

A

an alternative to wearing an external prosthesis

302
Q

immediate breast reconstruction

A

begins during same surgery as mastectomy

“expander” is placed to replace the tissue that was removed

303
Q

delayed breast reconstruction

A

necessary if surgery is to be followed by radiationtreatment

several techniques to restore size and shape of missing breast

304
Q

cancer treatments

A

surgery
chemotherapy
radiation therapy

305
Q

cancer surgery

A

removing the malignancy plus a margin of normal surrounding tissue
may also involve the removal of one or more lymph nodes to detect if cancer has started o spread

306
Q

Types of cancer surgery

A

laser surgery

crysorugery

307
Q

laser surgery

A

targeted beams of light to destroy cancer cells

308
Q

cryosurgery

A

cancerous cells are frozen and destroyed using a substance such as liquid nitrogen

309
Q

chemotherapy

A

use of chemical agents and drugs in combinations selected to destroy malignant cells and tissues

310
Q

chemoprevention

A

use of natural or synthetic substances (drugs or vitamins) to reduce the risk of developing cancer or to reduce the chance that cancer will recur

used to reduce size of or slow development of existing tumor

311
Q

antineoplastic

A

medication that blocks the development, growth, or proliferation of malignant cells

312
Q

cytotoxic drugs

A

used for immunosuppression and chemotherapy

313
Q

radiation therapy

A

destroy cancerous tissue while sparing healthy tissue

used in treatment of some cancers

314
Q

brachytherapy

A

use of radioactive materials in contact with or implanted into tissues to be treated

315
Q

teletherapy

A

radiation therpay administered at a distance from the body

uses three-dimensional computer imaging to dose more precisely

316
Q

tomotherapy

A

combination of tomography and radiation therapy to precisely target tumors being treated

radiation is delivered slice by splice to the tumor and is able to avoid healthy tissue

317
Q

targeted therapy

A

developing form of anticancer drug therapy that uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack specific cancer cells without harming normal cells

e.g. monoclonal antibody

318
Q

adjuvant therapy

A

sometimes used after primary cancer treatments to decrease chance that a cancer will recur

  1. chemotherapy
  2. hormone therapy
  3. radiation
  4. immunotherapy
  5. targeted therapy
319
Q

adjuvant

A
  1. refers to an agent that will increase effectiveness of a drug
320
Q

clinical trials

A

testing new and promising cancer treatment that have not yet received FDA approval on patients who agree to be part of research

321
Q

FDA

A

food and drug administration

322
Q

A, Ab

A

antibody

323
Q

AG, Ag

A

antigen

324
Q

CA, Ca

A

cancer

325
Q

CIS

A

carcinoma in situ

326
Q

HZ

A

herpes zoster

327
Q

HL

A

Hodgkin’s lymphoma

328
Q

IG

A

immunoglobulin

329
Q

LE lymphedema

A

MMR

330
Q

MET

A

metastasis

331
Q

met

A

metastasize

332
Q

NHL

A

non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

333
Q

VSZ

A

varicella

med term (9 decks)

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