chapter 6 Flashcards
1
Q
lymph
A
fluid that removes cellular waste products, pathogens, and dead blood cells from the tissues
2
Q
lymphatic vessels and ducts
A
capillaries, vessels, and ducts that return lymph from tissues to the venous bloodstream
3
Q
lymph nodes
A
bean-shaped structures of the lymphatic system where pathogens and other harmful substances are filtered from the lymph by specialized cells of the immune system.
4
Q
tonsils and adenoids
A
lymphoid structures of the lymphatic system that protect the entry to the respiratory system.
5
Q
spleen
A
a sac-like mass of lymphoid tissue with protective roles in both the immune and lymphatic system
6
Q
bone marrow
A
produces lymphocytes, which are specialized leukocytes (WBC)
7
Q
lymphocytes
A
specialized leukocytes that play important role in immune reactions
8
Q
thymus
A
a gland located in the upper chest with specialized roles in lymphatic and immune systems
9
Q
functions of lymphatic system
A
- absorb fat and fat-soluble vitamins through lacteals of the small intestine
- remove waste product from tissue & cooperate with immune system to destroy invading pathogens
- return filtered lymph to the veins at the base of the beck
10
Q
How is food digested?
A
In the small intestine, which is lined with small finger-like projects known as villi
11
Q
villi/villus
A
finger-like projection containing lacteals and blood vessels
12
Q
lacteal
A
specialized structure of the lymphatic system that absorbs fats that cannot be transported by the bloodstream
13
Q
What happens to fats that cannot be transported to the bloodstream?
A
the fats are instead transformed in the cells of the lacteals
the lymphatic vessels return the fats to venous circulation so they can be used throughout the body as nutrients.
14
Q
What do the blood vessels of a villus do?
A
- absorb nutrients, fats, fat-soluble vitamins from digested food directly into the bloodstream for use throughout the body.
15
Q
Interstitial fluid
A
a.k.a intercellular or tissue fluid
plasma from arterial blood that flows out of the arterioles and into the capillaries, and then flows into the spaces between the cells or tissues
16
Q
What are the two functions of interstitial fluid?
A
- deliver nutrients, oxygen, and hormones to the cells
- brings waste products and protein molecules that were created within the cells with it when it leaves the cells
90% of the fluid returns to the bloodstream
17
Q
Lymph
A
made up of the remaining 10% of interstitial fluid
clear watery fluid containing electrolytes and protein.
role in lymphatic system as it works in close cooperation with immune system
18
Q
What are the 3 functions of lymph?
A
- collects protein molecules created within the cells as it leaves. + removes dead cells, debris, and pathogens (including cancer cells) from intercellular spaces
- enter very small capillaries within the tissues and then flow into progressively larger vessels and ducts as it travels in a one-way trip upward to the neck.
- active role in cooperation with the immune system to protect the body against invading microorganisms and disease
19
Q
Lymphatic Circulatory System
A
referred to as the secondary circulatory system
similar to the blood circulatory system
20
Q
Describe the circulation and pumping of the lymphatic versus blood circulatory system?
A
Blood
- circulate through entire body in a loop, pumped by heart
- flows in open system in which it leaves and reenters the blood vessels through the capillaries
Lymph
- does not have a pump-like organ; depend on muscle pumping motion
- flows in one direction; from origin upward until it returns to circulatory system at base of the neck from lymphatic capillary.
21
Q
Describe the filtration and color of blood versus lymph?
A
Blood
- filtered by kidney
- waste product are excreted by urinary system
- color makes arteries and veins visible
Lymph
- filtered by lymph nodes located along lymphatic vessels (nodes contain specialized cells of immune system)
- not visible as lymph is clear
22
Q
Lymphatic Capillaries
A
microscopic, blind-ended (sealed on one end) tubes located near-surface of the body with capillary walls that are only 1 cell in thickness
the cells in the capillary briefly separate to allow lymph to enter the capillary. the cells close forcing lymph to flow upward and forward.
23
Q
Lymphatic vessel
A
location in which lymph flows into from the lymphatic capillaries
located deeper within the tissue
have valves to prevent the backward flow of lymph
24
Q
Lymphatic ducts
A
two ducts are formed when the larger lymphatic vessels join together
each duct drains a specific part of the body and returns lymph to the venous circulation.
25
right lymphatic duct
1. collect lymph from the right side of head/neck, upper right quadrant of body, right arm
2. empties into right subclavian vein
26
Subclavian vein
the proximal part of the main vein of the arm
27
Thoracic Duct
largest lymphatic vessel in body
1. collect lymph from left side of the head and the neck, the upper left quadrant, left arm, lower portion of trunk, both legs
2. empty into left subclavian vein
28
Lymph node
small, bean-shaped node containing specialized lymphocytes capable of destroying pathogens.
When lymph flows into the nodes, lymphocytes destroy harmful substances (bacteria, virus, malignant cells).
Additional structures within the node filter the lymph to remove other impurities.
29
What does lymph do after the lymph node?
Leave the lymph node and continue journey to become part of the venous circulation again.
30
Describe statistics of lymph nodes?
400-700 lymph nodes are located along larger lymphatic vessels
1/2 of lymph nodes are in the abdomen
Most of the remainder are positioned on branches of larger lymphatic vessels throughout the body
31
3 Groups of lymph nodes named for location
Cervical
Axillary
Inguinal
32
cervical lymph node
located along side of neck
33
axillary lymph node
under arms in the area of the armpit
34
inguinal lymph node
in inguinal (groin) area of lower abdomen
35
Lymphocytes
a.k.a lymphoid cell
leukocytes formed in bone marrow as stem cells
work with body's organs to defend the body against antigens
36
Antigen
substance that the body regards as being foreign
= virus, bacteria, toxin, transplanted tissue
37
What are the types of lymphocytes?
natural killer cells
B cells
T cells
38
What two processes do lymphocytes undergo in the lymphoid tissue of the body?
Maturation = process of becoming mature
Differentiation = modified to perform a specific function
this is important because they enable the lymphocytes to act as specialized antibodies capable of attacking specific antigens
39
Natural Killer Cells
a.k.a NK cells
role in killing of cancer cells and cells infected by viruses
40
B Cells
a.k.a B Lymphocytes
specialized lymphocytes that produce antibodies
each lymphocyte creates a specific antibody that is capable of destroying a specific antigen (in a 1 to 1 ratio)
most effective against virus and bacteria circulating in blood
41
Describe the formation of a Plasma cell FROM a B cell
when a B cell is confronted with the antigen it is coded to destroy, the b cell is transformed into a plasma cell
42
Plasma Cell
secrete large volumes of antibodies coded to destroy specific antigens
43
T- Cells
a.k.a T lymphocytes
origin in Thymus
role in cell-mediated immunity
44
Cytokines
group of proteins (such as interferons and interleukins) released primarily by T cells
act as intracellular signals to begin immune response
45
Interferons
produced in response to the presence of antigens (specifically virus or tumor cells)
1. activate the immune system
2. fight viruses by stopping or slowing their multiplication
3. signal other cells to increase their defenseds
46
Interleukins
multiple roles in immune system
1. direct B and T cells to divide and proliferate
47
Lymphoid
pertaining to the lymphatic system or resembling the lymph or lymphatic tissue
48
What are the additional structures of the lymphatic system made up of?
lymphoid tissue
49
Tonsils
three masses of lymphoid tissue that form a protective ring around the back of the nose and upper throat
50
Role of the tonsils
role in immune system
prevent pathogens from entering the respiratory sytem when breathing through nose and mouth
51
adernoids
a.k.a nasopharyngeal tonsils
located in the nasopharynx or upper part of the pharynx
52
palatine tonsils
located on the left and right sides of the throat in the area that is visible at the back of the mouth
53
Palatine
the hard and soft palates that form the roof of the mouth
54
Lingual tonsils
located at the base of the tongue
not ready visible
55
lingual
pertaining to the tongue
56
thymus
mass of lymphoid tissue located above the heart
reaches greatest size and puberty and becomes smaller with age
57
Describe the endocrine and immune role of the thymus
endocrine = secrete a hormone that stimulates the maturation of lymphocytes into T cells
immune = T cells leave thymus through bloodstream and lymphatic system to enter the immune system
58
Vermiform Appendix
appendix
hang from lower portion of the cecum (first portion of large intestine)
MAY play an important role in immune system
59
spleen
sac-like mass of lymphoid tissue located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen, inferior to the diaphragm and posterior to the stomach
60
Function of the spleen
1. filter microorganisms and other foreign material from the blood
2. spleen forms lymphocytes and monocytes (specialized white blood cells)
3. hemolytic function of destroying worn-out erythrocytes and releasing their hemoglobin for reuse.
4. store extra erythrocytes (RBC) and maintain an appropriate balance between RBC and plasma of the blood.
61
pathogen
disease-producing microorganisms
62
allergens
substances that produce allergic reactions
63
toxins
poisonous or harmful substances
64
malignant cells
potentially threatening cancer cells
65
Immune System Functions
1. prevent the entry of harmful substances into the body. if harmful substances do gain entry, the immune system works to destroy them
2. use a complex system of chemical signaling between specialized cells to identify, attack, and remember antigens
- coordinate highly specific response based on the type of antigen, and differentiates it from own body tissues to avoid attacking itself..
3. uses "memory" of the invader to mount a more efficient future defense against antigen
66
First line of defense includes
intact skin
respiratory system
digestive system
lymphatic system + specialized leukocytes
67
intact skin
wrap the body in a physical barrier to prevent invading organisms from entering the body
covers skin in acid mantle
68
acid mantle
makes the skin an inhospitable environment for most bacteria
69
intact
no cuts, scrapes, open sores, or breaks in the skin
70
respiratory system (immune function)
trap breathed in foreign matter with nose hair and moist mucous membrane linings of the respiratory system
tonsils form a protective ring around the enterance of the throat.
71
Digestive system (immune function)
use acid and enzymes produced by the stomach to destroy invaders that are swallowed or consumed with food
72
lymphatic system + specialized leukocytes (immune function)
work together to attack and destroy pathogens that have suceeded in entering the body
73
antigen-antibody reaction
a.k.a immune reaction
antibodies bind to the foreign antigens to neutralize them and flag them for destruction by the macrophages
the reaction labels a potentially dangerous antigen so that it can be recognized and destroyed by other cells of the immune system.
the immune system immediatley respond to the presense of any antigen
73
antigen-antibody reaction
a.k.a immune reaction
binding antigens to antibodies
the reaction labels a potentially dangerous antigen so that it can be recognized and destroyed by other cells of the immune system.
the immune system immediatley respond to the presense of any antigen
74
tolerance
acquired unresponsiveness to a specific antigen.
decline in effective response to a drug (usually in repeated usi e)
75
antibody
disease-fighting protein created by immune system in response to the presense of a specific antigen
76
antigen (other word)
immnoglobulin
77
Immunoglobulin (antibody)
bind with specific antigens in the antigen-antibody response.
5 main types
78
5 main types of immunoglobins
```
IgG
IgA
igM
igD
igE
```
79
IgG
immunoglobulin G
1. a most abundant class of antibodies
2. found in blood serum or lymph
active against bacteria, fungi, viruses, foreign particles
80
igA
immunoglobulin A
class of antibodies produced predominantly against ingested antigens
found in body secretions (salivia,sweat, tears)
prevent attachment of viruses and bacteria to the epithelial surfaces that line most organs
81
igM
immunoglobulin M
class of antibodiese that circulate body fluids
first antibodies to appear in resposne to initial exposure to an antigen
82
igD
immunoglobulin D
class of antibodies found on the surface of B cellls
important in B cell activation
83
IgE
immunoglobulin E
class of antibodies produced in the lungs, skins, mucous membranes
responsible for allergic reactions
84
phagocytes
specialized leukocytes that are a part of the antigen-antibody reaction by destroying substances including cell debris, dust, pollen, pathogens through phagocytosis
1. monocyte
2. macrophage
3. dendritic
4. mast
85
Phagocytosis
process of destroying pathogens by surrounding and swallowing them
86
monocytes
leukocytes that provide immunological defenses against many infectious organisms
replenish macrophages and dendritic cells
macrophages derive from monocytes after they leave the bloodstream and enter the tissue.
87
macrophage
type of leukocyte that surrounds and kills invading cells
remove dead cells and stimulate action of other immune cells
88
dendritic cell
specialized leukocytes that patrol the body for antigens that produce infections.
if such a cell is found, the dendritic cell grabs, swallows, alerts B and T cells to act against it.
89
complement system
group of proteins that normally circulate in the blood in an active form.
when they are needed, the cells complement the ability of the antibodies to ward off pathogens by combining with them to dissolve and remove pathogen bacteria + foreign cells
90
complement
complete or make whole
91
immunity
state of being resistant to a specific disease.
| - natural or acquired
92
Natural Immunity
a.k.a passive immunitiy
resistance to a disease present without the admistration of an antigen or exposure to a disease
present at birth
augmented during breastfeeding
93
Acquired Immunity
through a contagious disease
94
What is an example of acquired immunity
vacccination against a contagious disease (measles, polio)
95
Vaccine
prepeartion containing an antigen, consisting of whole-or-partial diseiase causing organisms (which have ben killed or weakened).
96
Vaccination
provide protect against disease
| - may require a periodic booster to maintain erfffectiveness
97
Allergist
diagnosed and treat condition of altered immunologic reactivity (allergic reaction)
98
immunologist
specialise in diagnosis and treatment of disorders of immune system.
99
Lymphologist
physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of lymphatic system
100
oncologist
physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treamtent of malignantdisorders (tumors, cancer).
101
Lymphadenitis
a.k.a swollen glands
inflammation of lymph nodes
indication of infection
102
Lymphadenopathy
disease process affecting lymph node or nodes
103
lymphangioma
benign tumor formed by abnormal collecting of lymphatic vessels due to congenital malformation of the lymphatic system
104
ruptured spleen
medical emergency that occurs when the covering of the spleen is torn (as a result of a blow to the abdomen)
may result in splenorrhagia
105
splenorrhagia
bleeding from the spleen
106
splenomegaly
abnormal enlargement of the spleen
due to bleeding caused by injury
due to infectious disease (mononucleosis)
due to abnormal function of immune system
107
two conditions of the tonsils
tonsiitis
| tonsillectomy
108
lymphoscintigraphy
diagnostic test performed to detect damage or malformations of the lymphatic vessels.
radioactive substance is injected into lymph ducts. a scanner or probe is used to follow movements of the substance on a computer screen
109
lymphedema
swelling of tissues due to abnormal accumulation of lymph fluid within the tissue
caused by damage to the lymphatic system prevents lymph from draining properly
110
What is lymphedema associated with? why
infections
because it is rich in protein (an environment that pathogense thrive in)
111
primary lymphedema
hereditary condition of the lymphatic system that develops with swelling beginning at the feet, progressing int the ankles and upwards direction along the legs.
most frequently in females during puberty
112
secondary lymphedema
caused by damage to the lymphatic vessels that is most frequently due to cancer treatment, surgery, trauma, burns
113
Primary and secondary lymphedema treatment
compression and exercise tocontrol swelling and minimzie infection
no cure
114
bioimpedance spectroscopy
noninvasive method of diagnosing lymphedema measures the resistance to an electrical current passed through affected limb
low results show a buildup of lymph
if lymphedema is found early with this technique, hopefully it does not travel farther
115
What does the effectiveness of the immune system depend on?
General Health: if the immune system is compromised by poor health, it will not be effective fully.
Age: older individuals have more acquired immjnity but are less quick/effective to new challenges
Babies and young children do not have as much acquired immunity, and their bodies have difficulty resisting challenges to the immune system
Heredity Genes and genetic disorders affect individual's general health and functioning of immune system
116
Allergic reaction
occurs when body's immune system reacts to harmless allergen (pollen, food, animal dander) as if it were a dangerous invader
117
Allergy
a.k.a hypersenstivity
overreaction by the body to a particular antigen
118
allergic rhinitis
allergic reaction to airborne allergen
119
allergen
substance that produces allergic reaction in an individual
120
localized allergic response
a.k.a cellular response
redness, itching, burning where the skin has come into contact with an allergen
- contact with poision ivy can cause localized allergic response in the form of an itchy rash
although the body reacts mildly the first time, senstivity is eastablished and future contacts may be much worse
121
systemic reaction
a. k.a anaphylaxis
a. k.a anaphylactic shock
severe response to an allegen
symptoms develop quickly
patient can die within few minutes
122
scratch test
diagnostic test to identify commonly troublesome allergens (tree pollen, rag weed)
swelling and itching indicate infection
123
allergen specific immunoglobulin E
a.k.a IgE
blood test to determine whether a person is allergic to a particular substance
124
Anti-histamines
medications administered to relieve or prevent symptoms of hay fever and other allergies
they reverse the effect of histamine
125
Hay Fever
common allergy to wind-borne pollens
126
histamine
substance produced by body which causes itching, sneezing, runny nose, watery eyes of an allergic reaction
127
Autoimmune Disorder
a.k.a autoimmune disease
large group of diseases characterized by a condition in which immune system produces antibodies against its own tissues, mistaking healthy cells/tissues/organs for antibodies
128
How are autoimmune disorders transmitted?
genetically
| predominantly occurs in women during childbearing years
129
Stats of autoimmune disorders
3% of Americans have one
| Women are 2.7 times affected than man
130
Immunodeficiency Disorder
immune response is compromised
131
compromised
weakened or not functioning properly
132
Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)
inherited condition in which abnormalities in the immune system cause increased susceptibility to infection and failure to thrive as a result of infections.
part of infants newborn screening, although the condition is rare
133
skeletal system autoimmune disorder
rheumatoid arthritis
| - joints and connective tissue
134
muscular system autoimmune disorder
Myasthenia Gravis
| - nerve and muscle synapse
135
Cardiovascular system autoimmune disorder
Pernicious Anemia
| - red blood cells
136
Digestive system autoimmune disorder
Crohn's disease affects the intestine, ileum, or the colon
137
Nervous System autoimmune disorder
Multiple Sclerosis
| - brain and spinal corde
138
Integumentary System autoimmune disorder
scleroderma
| - skin and connective tissue
139
Endocrine system autoimmune disorder
Graves' disease
| - thyroid gland
140
HIV
human immunodeficiency virus
blood-borne infection in which the virus damages or kills the T cells of the immune system, causing it to progressively fail --> leaving the body at risk of developing life-threatening opportunistic infections.
141
Opportunistic Infection
caused by a pathogen that does not normally produce an illness in healthy humans
however, when host is debilitated, the pathogens may cause infection
142
debilitaed
weakened by another condition
143
AIDS
AIDS
fatal and advanced stage of HIV
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
144
Treatment of HIV
a regimen of antiretroviral drugs referred to as a cocktail"
help control impact of disease on immune system, not cure it
145
Kaposi's sarcoma
opportunistic infection associated with HIV
a cancer that causes patches of abnormal tissue to grow
1. under the skin
2. lining of mouth, nose, throat
3. other organs
146
ELISA
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
blood test used to screen for the presence of HIV antibodies, Lyme Disease, etc...
147
western blot test
more accurate than ELISA
blood test to confirm diagnosis of ELISA when positive for HIV
148
Why are western blot test's important?
ELISA has false positives, which erroneously indicate HIV
149
Immunotherapy
a.k.a biological therapy
disease treatment that involves either stimulating or repressing the immune response
150
How is immunotherapy used in cancer treatment?
used to stimulate immune response to fight the malignancy
151
stimulate
cause greater activity
152
How is immunotherapy used in the treatment of allergies?
a.k.a allergy densensitization
to repress the body's sensitivity to a particular allergen
153
repress
decrease or stop a normal response
154
3 Types of Antibody Therapy
synthetic immunoglobulin
synthetic interferon
monoclonal antibodies
155
synthetic immunoglobulins
a.ka immune serum
post-exposure preventive measure against certain viruses (rabies and hepatitis)
goal = prevent disease from developing by providing temporary immunity
156
post-exposure
after patient has been exposed to the virus
157
synthetic interferon
used in the treatment of
1. multiple sclerosis
2. hepatitis C
3. cancers
158
Monoclonal Antibodies
class of antibodies produced in the laboratory by identical offspring of a clone of specific cells
they enhance a patient's immune response to certain malignancies (non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, melanoma, breast cancer, colon cancer)
159
monoclonal
pertaining to single clone of cells
160
clone
replica of a group of bacteria
161
Types of immunosuppression
1. immunosuppressant
2. corticosteroid drug
3. cytotoxic drug
162
immunosupression
treatment to repress or interfere with the ability of the immune system to respond to stimulation by antigens
163
immunosuppressant
substance that prevents or reduces the body's normal immune response
used to prevent rejection of donor tissue and to depress autoimmune disorders
164
corticosteroid drug
hormone-like preparation administered primarily as an anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant.
corticosteroids are naturally produced by the endocrine system
165
cytotoxic drug
medication that kills or damages cells
used as immunosuppressants or as anti-neoplastics.
166
tox
poison
167
pathogen
microorganism that causes a disease in humans
168
microorganism
living organism that is so small that it can only be seen with the aid of a microscope
169
pathogenic
capable of producing disease
170
Bacteria
one-celled microscopic organisms that are USUALLY not harmful to humans
ones that are pathogenic are
1. bacilli = anthrax
3. rickettsia
4. spirochetes = lyme disease
5. staphylocci
6. staphylococcus aureus
7. streptocci
171
bacilli
rod-shaped spore formed bacteria
172
anthrax
a contagious disease that can be transmitted through livestock infected with Bacillus Anthracis
spores grown in labs have been used in biological warfare
173
rickettsia
small bacterium that lives in lice, fleas, ticks, mites
rocky mountain spotted fever is caused by a rickettsia transmitted to humans through bite of infected tick
174
spirochetes
long, slender spiral-shaped bacteria that have flexible walls and are capable of movement
175
Lyme Disease
transmitted to humans by the bite of a tick that has contact with a deer infected with the spirochete Borrelia Burgdorferi
named after the town Old Lyme, Connecticut where it was diagnosed
176
Symptoms of Lyme Disease
fever
headache
fatigue
char. skin rash known as erythema migrans
177
Untreated Lyme disease
may spread to joints, heart, and nervous system
178
What condition, besides Lyme disease, do spirochetes cause?
Syphillis
179
Staphylococci
group of about 30 species of bacteria that form irregular groups or clusters resembling grapes or bunches of grapes.
most are harmless and reside on the skin and mucous membranes of humans and other organisms; however, some may cause serious infection
180
staphyl
clusters or bunches of grapes
181
cocci
spherical bacteria
182
Staphylococcus Aureus
a.k.a staph aureus
form of staphylococcus that often infects wounds and causes serious problems such as
toxic shock syndrome
food poisoning
183
streptococci
bacteria that form a chain
mainly harmless, however,some may cause
1. strep throat
2. meningitis
3. endocarditis
4. necrotizing fasciitis
184
strep
twisted chain
185
antibiotic-resistant bacteria
occur when antibiotics fail to kill all of the bacteria they target
surviving bacteria become resistant to particular drug
originally nosocomial, but now they are increasingly common in general population
186
Describe the proportional relationship between antibiotic-resistant bacteria?
more resistant bacteria = severe consequences and longer illness = higher risk of complication
187
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus
a.k.a MRSA
a bacteria resistant to bacteria
188
symptom of MRSA
small red bump with black top
bumps become abscesses that require immediate care
189
MRSA infectin
serious, difficult to treat, often fatal, and repeated infection
breaks the skin and allows bacteria to enter
increasingly present in general population
190
Fungus
simple parasitic organism
| - some are harmless while others are pathogenic
191
Tinea Pedis
a.k.a athlete's foot
fungal infection that develops between the toes
192
Yeast
type of fungus
193
yeast infection
a.k.a candiasis
occur in skin or mucous membrane in warm and moist areas such as the mouth and are caused by the pathogenic yeast CANDIDA ALBICANS
194
oral thrush
yeast infection in mouth
195
vaginal candidiasis
yeast infection in vagina
196
parasite
plant or animal that lives on or within another living organism at the expense of that organism
malaria and toxoplasmosis
197
Malaria
caused by parasite that lives in certain mosquitoes and is transferred by the bite of an infected mosquito
symptoms develop 1-4 weeks after being infected
- fever
- sharing
- chills
- headache
- muscle ache
- fatigue
198
Toxoplasmosis
parasite transmitted by pet to human by contact with contaminated animal feces
pregnant woman should avoid this contact as it can cause microcephalus or hydrocephalus
199
Microcephalus
abnormally small head
| underdeveloped brain
200
hydrocephalus
excess CSF accumulation in ventricles of the brain
201
Viruses
small infectious agents that live by invading other cells
- after invading the cell, it reproduces and breaks the wall of the infected cell to release the newly formed viruses
- the viruses spread to other cells and repeat the process
202
Ebola
rare and genetically fatal disease transmitted by contact with any bodily fluids infected by the Ebola Virus
- transmitted only when symptoms are present
- symptoms appear within 21 days of exposure
203
Symptoms of Ebola
early symptoms appear within 21 days:
- high fever
- vomiting
- diarrhea
late symptoms:
- massive internal bleeding
- organ failure
204
Influenza
a.k.a flu
highly contagious viral respiratory infection that occurs in seasonal epidemics
vaccine is available
205
flu symptoms
- fever
- sore throat
- muscle ache
- cough
- runny nose
- fatigue
pneumonia
206
measles
acute & highly contagious infection transmitted by respiratory droplets of the rubeola virus.
207
Measles symptoms
- red, itchy rash over entire body
- high fever
- runny nose
- cough
photophobia = severe sensitivity to light
208
Mumps
acte viral infection characterized by swelling of the parotid glands (and sometimes the ovaries or the testicles)
209
parotid glands
salivary glands located just in front of the ears
210
Rubella
a. k.a german measles
a. k.a three-day measles
viral infection char. by low-grade fever, swollen glands, inflamed eyes, fine-pink rash.
serious in women during early pregnancy as it may cause defects in developing fetus
usually not long or evere
211
MMR
measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination
prevent the 3 viral illnesses
administered in early childhood
212
Rabies
an acute viral infection that is transmitted to humans through the bite or saliva of an infected animal.
213
rabid
what an infected animal with rabies is said to be
214
Explain post-rabies treatment.
If RISK is suspected, it is necessary to undergo testing immediately so that post-exposure treatment can be started as quickly as possible.
without testing/treating: signs and symptoms occur 30 to 90 days after the bite, and rabies will become fatal
215
West Nile Virus
spread to humans through infected mosquito bite
mild form of the condition has flu-like symptoms whereas a severe form of the spinal cord and brain.
216
What genus is West Nile a part of?
Flavivirus genus
includes viruses that cause mosquito-borne tropical disease dengue fever
217
Herpesviruses
include:
varicella zoster
epstein-barr
cytomegalovirus
herples simplex
218
Cytomegalovirus
- found in most body fluids
- present as a silent infection
- may cause serious illness when
1. the individual has a weakened immune system
2. transmitted from mother to unborn child causing serious congenital disability to the child
219
silent infection
individual has no signs or symptoms of the infection
220
varicella
a.k.a chickenpox
caused by the herpes virus Varicella zoster
highly contagious
characterized by
- fever
- rash consisting of itchy, fluid-filled blisters that burst and form crusts
221
Herpes Zoster
a.k.a shingles
an acute viral infection characterized by painful skin eruptions that follow the underlying route of an inflamed nerve
inflammation occurs when dormant varicella or chickenpox virus is reactivated later in life
vaccine is available and recommended for adults 60+
222
Postherpetic NEuralgia
complication that may follow Herpes Zoster IF nerve fibers have been damaged
pain is severe and persistent
223
Infectious Mononucleosis
mono
caused by Epstein-Barr virus
characterizeid by fever, sore throat, enlarged lymph nodes
swelling of the spleen or liver involvement may develop
224
antibiotics
medications that inhibit the growth or kill pathogenic bacterial microorganisms
effective against bacterial infections, not viral infections
225
inhibit
slow the grwoth or development
226
bactericide
substance that causes the death of a bacteria
e.g. penicillins and cephalosporins
227
Bacteriostatic agent
slow or stop growth of bacteria
e.g. tetracycline, sulfonamide, erythromycin
228
antifungal
a.k.a antimycotic
destroy or inhibit the growth of fungi
229
Example of antifungal
lotrimin
topical antifungal that is applied to treat or prevent athlete's foot
230
Antiviral drug
treat viral infections or provide temporary immunity
e.g. acyclovir
231
oncology
study of the prevention,cuases, and reatments of tumors and cancer
232
Describe cancer
named for part of body where cancer originates
attack all body system
second leading cause of death in US after heart disease
233
tumor
a.k.a neoplasm
abnormal growth of body tissue where multiplication of cells is uncontrolled, abnormal, rapid, and prgoressive
234
benign tumor
not a form of cancer nor life threatening tumor
235
benign
not life threatening
but may cause damage as it grows or places pressure on adjacent structure
236
myoma
example of benign tumor made up of muscle tissue
237
malignant tumor
form of cancer capable of spreading to distant body sites, other body systems
potentially life threatening
238
malignant
becoming progressively worse and life-threatening
239
myosarcoma
malignant tumor derived from muscle tissue
240
angiogenesis
process through which tumor supports its growth by creating its own blood supply
241
antiangiogenesis
form of treatmetn that disrups the blood supply of a tumor
242
cancer
class of diseases characterized by an uncontrolled division of cells and the ability of the cells to invade other tissues
(by invasion through direct growth into adjacent tissue)
(by spreading into distant cities by metastasizing)
243
metastasize
spread from one place to another
from primary site to a second site through the lymphatic or circulatory system
244
most common sites of metastatic tumors
bones
liver
lungs
245
metastasis
describes the process by which cancer is spread to a new site
describes the tumor itself
can be in same bod system or within another
246
metastasis origin
latin word meaning transition
247
carcinoma
malignant tumor that occurs in epithelial tissue
tend to infiltrate and produce metastases that affect any organ or part of the body
248
epithelial tissue
forms the protective covering for all of the internal and external surfaces of the body
249
infiltrate
gain access to
250
carcinoma in situ
malignant tumor in original position that has not yet disturbed or invaded surrounding tissue
251
in situ
place where cancer first occured
252
adenocarcinoma
an one of a large group of carcinomas derived from glandular tissue
253
sarcoma (sarcomas or sarcomata)
malignant tumor that arises from connective tissues (hard, soft, and liquid connective tissue)
254
hard-tissue sarcoma
arise form bone or cartilage
255
osteosarcoma
hard-tissue sarcoma
| involves upper shft of the long bones, pelvis, or knee
256
soft-tissues sarcoma
cancers of th emuscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood, lymphatic vessels, or other supporting tissue (e.g. synovial tissues that line the cavities of the joints)
257
synovial sarcoma
soft-tissue sarcoma
tumor of the tissues surrounding a synovial joint of the knees or elbows
258
liquid tissue sarcoma
arise from blood or lymph
leukemia --> cancer of the white blood-forming cells in the bone marrow
259
staging
process of classifying tumors by how far the disease has progressed, potential for responding to therapy, and patient's prognosis
indicated by letters, numbers, or roman numerals
specific staging systems are used for different types of cancer
260
basal cell carcinoma
carcinoma or malignant tumor in the basal cell layer of the epidermis
261
stages of colorectal cancer
1. cancerous tumor has formed within a polyp inside the colon
2. cancer invades underlying tissue
3. cancer spreads to underlying tissue and nearby lymph nodes
262
lymphoma
general term applied to malignancies affecting lymphoid tissues
lymph nodes, spleen, liver, bone marrow
Hodgkin's lymphoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
263
Hodgkin's lymphoma
a.k.a Hodgkin's or Hodgkin disease
cancer of the immune system distinguished by presence of large, cancerous lymphocytes known as Reed-Sternberg Cells
the spread of the cells compromises body's ability to fight infection
264
What type of cells are present in Hodgkin's lymphoma
Reed-Sternberg Cells
265
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
common type as it refers to all other lymphomas besides Hodgkin's lymphoma
originate in lymphocytes
some are aggressive (fast-growing)
some are indolent (slow growing)
266
Breast Cancer
carcinoma that develops from cells of the breast
| spreads to adjacent lymph nodes and other body sites
267
What are the majority of Breast Cancers
ER-positive
grow in response to the hormone estrogen
268
Genes for brest cancer
BRCA1 and BRCA 2 (BReast CAncer 1 and 2)
abnormal genes that carry a higher risk of breast, ovarian, and other cancers
often factor in inherited cancers
269
Ductal Carcinoma in situ
breast cancer at the earliest stage before cancer has broken through the wall of the milk duct
the cure rate of 100%
270
How are most bresat cancers detected
detected as a lump
| if the lump is maloignant, it is a form of carcinoma
271
infiltrating ductal carcinoma
start in milk duct and invades fatty breast tissue outside the duct
most common form
272
inflammatory breast cancer
rare but aggressive form of breast cancer in which the cancer cells block the lymphatic vessels in the skin of the breast
rapid and symptoms include pain, rapid increase in breast size, redness or rash on breast, swelling of nearby lymph nodes
273
Male Breast Cancer
occur in small amount of breast tissue that is normally present in men
similar to women breast cancer
274
DCIS
Ductal carcinoma in situ
275
IDC
Infiltrating ductal carcinoma
276
IBC
Inflammatory brest cancer
277
How is breast cancer staged
1. size of the cancer
2. lymph node involvement
3. presence of metastases (spreading)
278
Stage 0 breast cancer
cancer cells are found only in one location
| ductal carcinoma in situ
279
Stage 1 breast cancer
cancer cells have moved beyond the duct
| cancer cells have not reached outside the breast into lymph nodes
280
Stage 2 breast cancer
cancer has increased in size
| cancer has reached one to three axillary lymph nodes
281
Stage 3 breast cancer
cancer has spread to cervical lymph nodes or tissue surrounding breast (chest wall or skin)
inflammatory bresat cancer
282
Stage 4 Brest Cancer
cancer has spread to other organs (brain lung liver bone)
known as invasive, metastatic cancer
283
breast self-examination
self-care procedure for early detection of breast cancer
check for changes in lumps, nipples, and skin
284
palpation of the breast
test performed by a trained health care provider to check texture, size, and consistency of he breast
285
mammography
radiographic examination of the breasts to detect presence of tumors or precancerous cells
results in a mammogram
286
molecular breast imaging
nuclear medicine technique using gamma radiation to detect potential tumors in particularly dense breast tissue
287
MBI
molecular breast imaging
288
ultrasound
used as initial follow-up test when abnormality is found in mammography
289
breast MRI
use magnets and radio waves, and insertion of contrast medium via IV to get detailed information for those already diagnosed with cancer OR to look for signs of cancer in high risk patients
290
Needle Breast Biopsy
x-ray or MRI guided needle to remove small samples of tissue from the breast for diagnosis and planning of treatment
less painful and disfiguring that surgical biopsy
291
bi
two
life
292
opsy
view of
293
surgical biopsy
removal of a small piece of tissue for examination to confirm a diagnosis
after the diagnosis & stage have been established, a treatment plan is created
294
sentinel node biopsy
biopsy of the first lymph nodes to come into contact with cancer cells as they leave the organ of origination and start spreading to the rest of the body6
after the sentinel lymph node is identified, only this and other effected nodes are removed for biopsy
295
lymph node dissection
surgical procedure in which all of the lymph nodes in a major group are removed to determine or slow the spread of cancer in the area
296
Lymph node dissectoin for breast cancer
axillary lymph node dissection
297
lumpectomy
removal of a cancerous tissue with the surrounding margin of normal tissue
remainder of tissue of affected breast is not removed
298
mastectomy
surgical removal of entire breast and nipple
often includes removal of axillary lymph nodes
299
radial mastectomy
surgical removal of an entire breast and many surrounding tissues
300
modified radical mastectomy
surgical removal of the entire breast and ALL of the axillary lymph nodes
301
breast reconstruction
an alternative to wearing an external prosthesis
302
immediate breast reconstruction
begins during same surgery as mastectomy
| "expander" is placed to replace the tissue that was removed
303
delayed breast reconstruction
necessary if surgery is to be followed by radiationtreatment
several techniques to restore size and shape of missing breast
304
cancer treatments
surgery
chemotherapy
radiation therapy
305
cancer surgery
removing the malignancy plus a margin of normal surrounding tissue
may also involve the removal of one or more lymph nodes to detect if cancer has started o spread
306
Types of cancer surgery
laser surgery
| crysorugery
307
laser surgery
targeted beams of light to destroy cancer cells
308
cryosurgery
cancerous cells are frozen and destroyed using a substance such as liquid nitrogen
309
chemotherapy
use of chemical agents and drugs in combinations selected to destroy malignant cells and tissues
310
chemoprevention
use of natural or synthetic substances (drugs or vitamins) to reduce the risk of developing cancer or to reduce the chance that cancer will recur
used to reduce size of or slow development of existing tumor
311
antineoplastic
medication that blocks the development, growth, or proliferation of malignant cells
312
cytotoxic drugs
used for immunosuppression and chemotherapy
313
radiation therapy
destroy cancerous tissue while sparing healthy tissue
used in treatment of some cancers
314
brachytherapy
use of radioactive materials in contact with or implanted into tissues to be treated
315
teletherapy
radiation therpay administered at a distance from the body
uses three-dimensional computer imaging to dose more precisely
316
tomotherapy
combination of tomography and radiation therapy to precisely target tumors being treated
radiation is delivered slice by splice to the tumor and is able to avoid healthy tissue
317
targeted therapy
developing form of anticancer drug therapy that uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack specific cancer cells without harming normal cells
e.g. monoclonal antibody
318
adjuvant therapy
sometimes used after primary cancer treatments to decrease chance that a cancer will recur
1. chemotherapy
2. hormone therapy
3. radiation
4. immunotherapy
5. targeted therapy
319
adjuvant
1. refers to an agent that will increase effectiveness of a drug
320
clinical trials
testing new and promising cancer treatment that have not yet received FDA approval on patients who agree to be part of research
321
FDA
food and drug administration
322
A, Ab
antibody
323
AG, Ag
antigen
324
CA, Ca
cancer
325
CIS
carcinoma in situ
326
HZ
herpes zoster
327
HL
Hodgkin's lymphoma
328
IG
immunoglobulin
329
LE lymphedema
MMR
330
MET
metastasis
331
met
metastasize
332
NHL
non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
333
VSZ
varicella
