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Donepezil
Alzheimer’s
increases cortical acetylcholine levels
Baclofen
used to treat spacticity
lateral epicondylitis
tennis elbow
medial epicondylitis
golfers elbow
Adcal D3 and aledronic acid
bisphosphonates
cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies (CCP)
suspected RA
what is the classification of fungal infection
superficial skin or hair
subcutaneous
systemic (usually immunocompromised)
calcitriol
regulates gut calcium absorption
gonorrhoea
gram negative diplococcus
strawberry cervix
trichomonas vaginalis
posterior pituitary hormones
oxytocin and ADH
what disease might you find buccal pigmentation
addisons disease
what disease might you find peri oral pigmentation
puetz jeghers syndrome
what is addisons disease
primary hypoadrenalism
adrenal glands do not produce enough steroid hormones (often autoimmune) - cortisol and aldosterone
how is addisons treated
hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone
what is secondary hypoadrenalism
lack of ACTH produced by the anterior pituitary gland
or lack of CRH from the hypothalamus
what are the posterior pituitary hormones
ADH
Oxytocin
what are the anterior pituitary hormones
LH FSH ACTH TSH PRL GH
what is an adrenal crisis
often triggered by physiological stress
- low bp
- vomiting
- lower back pain
- LOC
what drugs can cause gynaecomastia
digoxin spironolactone cimetidine oestrogen testosterone
what are some features of conns
hypokalaemic alkalosis
low renin
hypertension
muscle weakness
what is the most common cause of Conns
adrenal adenoma
adrenal hyperplasia
where is GnRH released from
hypothalamus
what hormones does the placenta release
human placental lactogen
hCG
why might a seminoma present with gynaecomastia
hCG secretion
what are the most common causes of primary hyperthyroidism
graves
toxic adenoma
toxic multinodular goitre
what would you use to treat anaemia in CKD
epoetin
what are the features of PCOS
normal or high oestradiol conc
elevated androgens
elevation of prolactin
what is statutory period in which you must have seen the patient for writing the cause of death
14 days
features of parkinsons
pill rolling tremour increased muscle tone lack of arm swinging no change in sensation reduced facial expression
what is lead pipe rigidity
uniform rigidity during passive movement that remains uniform throughout
weight loss, SOB, and clubbing
most likely to be bronchial carcinoma or pulmonary fibrosis
what are the respiratory causes of clubbing
TB, bronchiectasis, bronchial carcinoma, mesothelioma, empyema, pulmonary fibrosis
what is the nutcracker angle
between the abdominal aorta and the SMA
what is nutcracker syndrome
compression of the left renal vein between the SMA and aorta
this causes back pressure creating a varicocele
what is hypernephroma
renal cell cancer from proximal renal tubular epithelium
what are risk factors for renal cell carcinoma
middle age man
smoking
VHL
Tuberosing sclerosis
what are the symptoms of renal cell carcinoma
haematuria loin pain abdo mass left varicocele pyrexia polycythaemia parathyroid hormone- hypercalcaemia renin ACTH
what are the symptoms of ovarian torsion
iliac fossa pain
vomiting
adnexal mass
low fever
what is rovsings sign
appendicitis
pain in the left iliac fossa can be reproduced by palpation of the RIF
how do you treat bradycardia
atropine
how do you treat an SVT
adenosine
what does the management of bradycardia depend on
haemodynamic compromise
risk of asystole
what are the signs of haemodynamic compromise
hypotension pallor sweating cold clammy extremeties confusion LOC
what are the indicators of immenent asytole in someone with heart block
complete heart block with broad complex QRS
recent asystole
mobitz type 2 av block
ventricular pause
what does the target sign indicate
insusception
what age group is most commonly affected by intussusception
6-18 months
what are the signs of intussuscepetion
paroxysmal adominal colicky pain knees drawn up pale vomiting red current jelly stool sausage shaped mass in RLQ
what is the investigation of choice for intussusception
USS
how do you treat intussusception
air insuflation
surgery if this fails or peritonitis
what are the most common bacterial organisms that cause infective exacerbations of COPD
h influenzae
strep pneumoniae
moraxella catarrhalis
rhinovirus
what steroid should be given in infective exacerbations of COPD
prednisolone
which COPD patients should be given antibiotics
purulent sputum or clinical signs of pneumonia
