RADPRO MODULE 4 Flashcards
anything that occupies space and has mass. It is the material substance of which physical objects are composed.
MATTER
distinguishing characteristics of matter
mass
unit of mass
kg/ kilogram
is the force exerted on a body under the influence of gravity
weight
described as energy equivalence
mass
building blocks of matter
atoms and molecules
how many grams in 1kg
1000 grams
unit of energy in SI
joules (J)
unit of energy in radio;pgy
eV (electric volt)
the ability to do work
energy
the ability to do work by virtue of position
potential energy
the energy in motion
kinetic energy
the released by chemical reaction
chemical energy
anything that occupies space and has mass. It is the material substance of which physical objects are composed
Matter
the energy of motion at the molecular level. It is the kinetic energy of molecules and is closely related to temperature.
Thermal energy (heat)
the energy that is contained within the nucleus of an atom
nuclear energy
radiant energy that travels in waves at the speed of light.
Electromagnetic energy
speed of light
299 792 458 m / s
proponent of mass-energy equivalence
albert Einstein
energy emitted and transferred through space without any conducting medium
radiation
Matter that intercepts radiation and absorbs part or all of it is said to be
exposed or irradiated
special type of radiation that includes x-rays. It is capable of removing an orbital electron from the atom with which it interacts.
ionizing radiation
sources of ionizing radiation
natural and man-made
Natural environmental radiation consists of four components which are:
cosmic rays, terrestrial radiation, internally deposited radionuclides, and radon.
are particulate and electromagnetic radiation emitted by the sun and stars.
Cosmic rays
results from deposits of uranium, thorium, and other radionuclides in the Earth.
Terrestrial radiation
Internally deposited radionuclides is mainly composed of
potassium-40 (40K),
The largest source of natural environmental radiation
radon
is a radioactive gas that is produced by the natural radioactive decay of uranium, which is present in trace quantities in the Earth.
radon
Radon emits
alpha particles
constitute the largest man-made source of ionizing radiation on 2006
diagnostic x-rays
allowed radiatio per year
(3.2 mSv/yr).
when is the discovery of x-rays.
Nov. 8, 1895
Roentgen received the first Nobel Prize in physics on
1901
Three general types of x-ray examinations:
1.Radiography
2.Fluoroscopy
3.Computed Tomography (CT)
uses film or a solid-state image receptor and usually an x-ray tube mounted from the ceiling on a track that allows the tube to be moved in any direction. Such examinations provide the radiologist with fixed images.
radiography
is usually conducted with an x-ray tube located under the examination table. The radiologist is provided with moving images on a television monitor or flat panel display.
Fluoroscopy
uses a rotating x-ray source and detector array. A volume of data is acquired so that fixed images can be reconstructed in any anatomical plane coronal, sagittal, transverse, or oblique.
Computed tomography
X-ray voltages are measured in
kVp
1 kilovolt (kV) is equal to howmany V
1000 V
X-ray currents are measured
milliampere (mA),
The prefix milli
1/1000 or 0.001.
demonstrated the use of a radiographic intensifying screen in 1896, but only many years later did it receive adequate recognition and use.
Michael Pupin
found out that by exposing two glass x-ray plates with the emulsion surfaces together, exposure time was halved, and the image was considerably enhanced.
Charles L. Leonard
when did double emulsion film became commercially available
1918
invented the fluoroscope. He investigated the fluorescent properties of more than 1800 other materials
Thomas A. Edison
2 materials used today in fluoroscopy
zinc cadmium sulfide and calcium tungstate
Edisonβs assistant and long-time friend, who experienced a severe x-ray burn that eventually required amputation of both arms
Clarence Dally
a Boston dentist who introduced two devices (collimation & filtration) before the turn of the 20th century
William Rollins
designed to reduce the exposure of patients to x-rays and thereby minimize the possibility of x-ray burn.
collimation and filtration
introduced a substitute high-voltage power supply, an interrupterless transformer, for the static machines and induction coils then in use
H.C. Snook (1907)
William D. Coolidge β after considerable clinical testing, he unveiled his hot-cathode x-ray tube to the medical community in
1913
invented the stationary grid (βGlitterblendeβ); 2 months later, he applied for a second patent for a moving grid.
Gustav Bucky (1913)
an American who was probably unaware of Buckyβs patent because of World War I, also invented a moving grid.
H. Potter (1915
In 1946, the _____ was demonstrated at Bell Telephone Laboratorie
Light amplifier tube
Every measurement has two parts
magnitude and units
formula of volume
V=lwh (note the capital V)
unit of volume
m^3
is a segment of physics that deals with objects at rest (statics) and objects in motion (dynamics).
mechanics
unit of velocity
m/s
sometimes called speed
velocity
is a measure of how fast something is moving or, more precisely, the rate of change of its position with time.
velocity
formula of velocity
v= d/t (maliit ang v)
average velocity formula
π» = π£0 +π£π / 2
The rate of change of velocity with time. It is how βquickly or slowlyβ the velocity is changing.
acceleration
unit of acceleartion
m/s^2
formula of acceleration
π= π£π - π£0 / t
_____presented three principles that even today are recognized as fundamental laws of motion.
isaac newton
Three laws of motion
Inertia
Force
Action/Reaction
what is the first law of motion
βA body will remain at rest or will continue to move with constant velocity in a straight line unless acted on by an external force.β
2ND LAW OF MOTION?
βThe force (F) that acts on an object is equal to the mass (m) of the object multiplied by the acceleration (a) produced.β
reduce exposure of the patient to x-rays by more than 95%
filtration
3RD LAW OF MOTION?
βFor every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.β
Lead-impregnated material is used to make aprons and gloves worn by radiologists and radiologic technologists during fluoroscopy and some radiographic procedures.
protective apparel
used with all persons of childbearing age when the gonads are in or near the useful x-ray beam and when use of such shielding will not interfere with the diagnostic value of the examination.
gonadal shield
The radiographic or CT control console is always located behind a
protective barrier
three measurable quantities are considered basic.
mass
time
length
the standard unit of length was accepted to be the distance between two lines engraved on a
platinum-iridium bar
on what year led to redefinition of the meter in terms of the wavelength of orange light emitted from an isotope of krypton (krypton-86).
1960
The kilogram was originally defined to be the mass of
1000 cm^3 of a water at 4 degree C
a British units of weight.
pound and newton
time is measured by an atomic clock and is based on the vibration of cesium atoms. The atomic clock is capable of keeping time correctly to about 1 second in 5000 years.
1964
Originally, the second was defined in terms of
rotation of the earth on its axis
two parts of measurements
unit and magnitude
magnitude is meaningless without ___
unit
segment of of physics that deals with the objects at rest and object in motion
mechanics
a force on a body caused by the pull of gravity
weight (Wt)
acceleration due to gravity symbol
g
gravity of earth
9.8 m/s^2
gravity of moon
1.6 m/s^2
formula of weight
Wt=mg
unit sa answer ng weight
N - newton
unit sa answer ng momentum
kg-m/s
fromula of momentum
p=mv
answer sa work
J- joule
formula of work
W=Fd
is the rate of doing work.
power
si unit for power
W- watt (british hp- horsepower)
1 hp = ???watts
746 w
formula of power
P=Fd/t
that energy may be transformed from one form to another, but it cannot be created or destroyed; the total amount of energy is constant.
law of conservation of energy
Two forms of mechanical energy often are used in radiologic science
kinetic energy and potential energy.
formula of KE
πΎπΈ= 1 ππ£2
/2
transfer of heat through a material or by touching
Conduction
mechanical transfer of βhotβ molecules in a gas or liquid from one place to another.
Convection
transfer of heat by the emission of infrared radiation
Thermal radiation
is the unit of quantity of radioactive material, not the radiation emitted by that material.
becquerel
the unit of radioactivity.
becquerel
quantity of radiation received by radiation workers and populations.
Sievert
the unit of radiation absorbed dose.
gray (Gπ¦π‘) is
the kinetic energy transferred from photons to electrons during ionization and excitation.
Air Kerma
unit of radiation exposure or intensity
Air Kerma
The four units used to measure radiation should become a familiar part of your vocabulary
Air kerma (Gπ¦π)
2.Absorbed dose (Gπ¦π‘)
3.Effective dose (Sv)
4.Radioactivity (Bq)
formula of f to c
ππ=5(ππΉβ32)
9
C to F
ππ=9 ππΉ+32
5
Kelvin
πk = Tc =273
