NERVOUS SYSTEM FUCK Flashcards by P A N E

the nervous system consists of the

brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves,
peripheral nerves, and sensory and motor structures of the body.

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monitors internal & external environment through presence of receptors.

SENSORY

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interpretation of sensory information (information processing); complex (higher order)
functions.

INTEGRATION

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response to information processed through stimulation of effectors.
-muscle contraction
-glandular secretion

motor function

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2 anatomical division

central and peripheral nervous system

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what contains the CNS

brain and spinal cord

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allows for communication in the body

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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(sensory input

-afferent division

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motor input

-efferent division

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under the motor input

> somatic nervous system.
autonomic nervous system.

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Nervous Tissue is composed of two major cell types:

Neurons and Neuroglial cells.

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for processing, transfer, and storage of information

neurons

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conducts action potential towards the CNS

axon of sensory

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conduct impulses towards the cell body

dendrites

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conduct impulses away from the cell body.

axon

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conducts action potential away from the CNS

axon of motor

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for support, regulation & protection of neurons.

neuroglia

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contains a single relatively large and centrally located nucleus with a prominent nucleolus.

Cell Body

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also calles soma

cell body

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aggregates of rough ER and free ribosomes. It is the primary site of protein synthesis in neurons

Nissl (nis′l) substance

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are short, often highly branched cytoplasmic extensions that are tapered from
their bases at the neuron cell body to their tips.

dendrites

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is a long cell process extending from the neuron cell body.

axons

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the “input” part of the neuron.

dendrites

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is the part of the neuron where the axon originates, is where
nerve cells generate action potentials.

Trigger zone (axon hillock)

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small extensions in dendrite surfaces where axons of other neurons form synapses with the dendrites

Dendritic spines

The “output” part of the neuron. It is the fibers that send messages to other neurons.

axons

is the junction between a nerve cell and another cell.

synapse

is the ending of an axon in the synapse.

Presynaptic Terminal

NOTE ON DENDRITES

ROUGH SURFACE MAY DENDRITES HAVE RIBOSOME NO MYELIN IN SULATION

NOTE

AXON HAS NO RIBOSOME CAN HAVE MYELIN1 1 AXON PER CELL SMOOT SURFACE

Neurons do not touch; there is a gap between them called

synapse

Messages are sent across the synapses by special chemicals called

neurotrasmitter

based on the number of processes that extend from the neuron cell body

Structural -

The use of neurotransmitters causes an

electric current

many dendrites, one axon.

multi polar neurons

-one dendrite and one axon (each end of cell body).

Bipolar neurons

single process coming off cell body, giving rise to dendrites (at one end) & axon (making up rest of process).

Unipolar (pseudounipolar) neurons

no anatomical clues to determine axons from dendrites. Functions unknown.

Anaxonic neurons

based on the direction in which action potentials are conducted

Functional

what is the structure of sensory neuron

unipolar

structure of motor neuron

multipolar

nerve cell located between motor and sensory neurons that shuttles signals through CNS pathways where integration occurs.

Association (interneurons

are the most common type of neuron.

interneurons

There are four types of CNS glial cells.

1. Astrocytes 2. Microglia 3. Oligodendrocytes 4. Ependymal Cells

create supportive framework for neurons. -create “blood-brain barrier”.

Astrocytes

monitor & regulate interstitial fluid surrounding neurons. -secrete chemicals for embryological neuron formation. -stimulate the formation of scar tissue secondary to CNS injury.

Astrocytes

produce, monitor & help circulate cerebrospinal fluid. -line ventricles of brain & central canal of spinal cord

Ependymal Cells

“brain macrophages”; protects CNS from infection. - phagocytize (eats) cellular wastes and pathogens.

microglia

form myelin sheath around axons or encloses unmyelinated sheath axons of neurons in the CNS. - myelinated axons transmit impulses faster than unmyelinated axons.

oligodendrocytes

surround all axons of neurons in the PNS creating a neurilemma/myelin sheath around them.

Schwann Cells (neurolemmocytes

- surround neuron cell bodies in sensory ganglia

Satellite Cells

provide support and nutrition to the neuron cell bodies

Satellite Cells

protect neurons from heavy metal poisons, such as lead and mercury, by absorbing them and reducing their access to the neuron cell bodies

Satellite Cells

together to form nerves in the PNS & tracts/pathways in the CNS.

axons of neurons

unmyelinated structures and will be part of

gray matter

the presence of ____ speeds up the transmission of action potentials along the axon.

myelin

mainly comprised of groups of neuron cell bodies, dendrites and synapses

gray matter

the region of gray matter within the white matter

basal nuclei

the largest part of human brain.

cerebrum

deep groove that divides the cerebrum into left and right hemispheres

Longitudinal Fissure

the “executive suite” of the nervous system, where our conscious mind is found.

cerebral cortex

a ridge or fold between two clefts or cortical region rolls and folds upon itself which greatly increase the surface area of the cortex

gyri

the shallower grooves between the gyri

sulci

4 lobs

frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital

note on left himisphere

numerical and scientific skills - reasoning - ability to use and understand sign language - receives somatic sensory signals from and controls muscles on right side of body. - spoken and written language.

note on right hemisphere

space and pattern perception. - musical and artistic awareness. - recognition of faces and emotional content of facial expressions. - receives somatic sensory signals from and controls muscles on left side of body. - generating emotional content of language. - generating mental images to compare spatial relationships. - identifying and discriminating among odors

important in voluntary motor function, motivation, aggression, the sense of smell, and mood.

frontal lobe

the major center for the reception and evaluation of most sensory information, such as touch, pain, temperature, balance, and taste.

parietal lobe

functions in the reception and integration of visual input and is not distinctly separate from the other lobes.

occipital lobe

receives and evaluates input for smell and hearing and plays an important role in memory. I

temporal lobe