Radiopharmaceutics

Question 1

Radiation

Answer 1

Energy in transit in the form of electromagnetic waves and/or high-speed particles

Question 2

Define nuclide

Answer 2

an atom with a specific number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

Question 3

Atomic number

Answer 3

number of protons

Question 4

Atomic Mass

Answer 4

sum of protons and neutrons

Question 5

Define Isotopes

Answer 5

Different forms of the same element
Same atomic number but varying number of neutrons
Imbalance increases = unstable or radioactive element

Question 6

Radioactivity: transformation, decay or disintegration

Answer 6

Spontaneous transformation of an unstable atom resulting in the emission of radiation

Question 7

Types of Radiation

Answer 7

Emitted as particulate or electromagnetic

Alpha or beta particles or gamma rays

Question 8

Alpha Particles

Answer 8

Positively charges containing 2 protons and 2 neutrons

Helium nucleus

Question 9

Beta Particles

Answer 9

Negatively charged

Identical to electrons

Question 10

Gamma Rays

Answer 10

No mass nor charge

Similar to x-rays (radiant energy)

Question 11

Sheilding

Answer 11

Alpha and beta particles require low levels of shielding

Shielding made of lead or contrete are required for gamma rays/Xrays

Question 12

Ingestion or Inhalation of alpha or beta particles

Answer 12

Can cause severe tissue damage because of direct contact with radioactive substances

Question 13

Radiopharmaceuticals

Answer 13

Radioactive pharmaceutical agent that is used for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures

Question 14

Radionuclides

Answer 14

Occur naturally or can be man-made

Question 15

Nuclear pharmacy

Answer 15

Dedicated to the compounding and dispensing of radiopharmaceuticals for use in nuclear medicine procedures

Question 16

Practices of Nuclear Pharmacy

Answer 16

Order, receipt, storage and inventory
Preparation
Functional checks
Filing orders
Packaging, labeling and transport of radiopharmaceuticals
Handling/disposing of hazardous waste
Communication
Quality control
Patient consultation/counseling

Question 17

Nuclear Pharmacy Work Environment

Answer 17

Protection
Avoidance of contamination
Radiation detection
Clean air circulation
Disposal of waste

Question 18

Components of Nuclear Pharmacy

Answer 18

Benches
Stainless steel sinks
Exhaust fume hoods
Laminar flow hoods
Storage area
Safety shower and eye wash

Question 19

Dispening of radiopharmaceuticals

Answer 19

Never given to the patient directly
Given to trained health care professionals
Special labeling required with standard radiation symbol

Question 20

Film badges

Answer 20

Piece of photographic film that is sensitive to energies corresponding to radioactive emissions

Question 21

Geiger counter

Answer 21

Instrument that detects ionizing radiation

Metal tube filled with gas (argon)

Question 22

Diagnostic Radiopharmaceuticals

Answer 22

Administered as diagnostic tracer to differentiate normal from abnormal
-Short lived isotopes given by injection, inhalation or orally
Gamma camera can detect emissions
Radioactive source is attached to something that is known to go where you want the radioactive material to go (tagging)

Question 23

Positron Emission Tomography Imaging (PET)

Answer 23

3D image of functional processes of the body
Detects gamma rays from annihilation
Shows function
Used in oncology for tumors, cardiology for viability, neurology for diseases

Question 24

18F half life

99Tc half life

Answer 24

110 minutes

6 hours

Question 25

Radiopharmaceuticals should not change

Answer 25

physiologic process that is being measured

Question 26

Thyroid function test

Answer 26

Administer iodine-131 as NaI | Absorbed at rate of the activity of the gland to detect hypo or hyperthyroid conditions

Question 27

Ibritumomab tiuxetan

Answer 27

Monoclonal antibody labeled with In-111 and Y-90 | Cancer therapy