IV - Graphical Methods Flashcards
IV infusions may be administered to provide what?
Electrolytes
Nutrients
Medications or therapeutic agents
Blood volume extenders or various blood products
What is an IV push, IV stat, or IV bolus?
rapid infusion of medication in order to quickly restore normal function in life-threatening conditions
What is an IV piggyback?
a smaller IV bag is attached to the tubing of a large IV bag
Enteral nutrition is what?
method of providing nutritional support via tubes inserted into the stomach or small intenstine; Preferred route is the GI tract
What are some examples of short term enteral nutrition?
nasogastric, nasoduodendal, nasojejunal
What are some examples of long term enteral nutrition?
gastrostomy, jejunostomy
What is parenteral nutrtion?
Intravenous hyperalimentation; method of feeding a patients by intravenous infusion of fluids and basic nutrients
What is partial parenteral nutrition?
provides only partial nutritional requirements
What is total parenteral nutrition?
Provides total nutrition requirements
What do parenteral formulas contain?
Macro-nutrients (carbs, proteins, fat), micro nutrients (electrolytes, vitamins, trace elements) and sterile water
What are two sites to insert an IV?
Central line (superior vena cava --> can support higher concentrations) Peripheral line (veins of the arm or hand --> requires adjustment of tonicity)
What are small-volume parenterals used for?
source of electrolytes, vitamins, or minerals
What are large volume parenterals used for?
sources of amino acids, dextrose and sterile water
What are nutritional requirements?
quantities of macro and micro nutrients needed for a patient to obtain or maintain the desired nutritional status (vary with age, gender, etc, fluid requirements and caloric requirements)
What is the adult fluid/ water requirement?
30 mL/kg
1500 mL per m^2 of bsa
1 mL/kcal of nutrition required
Fluid/water requirements can be based off of what?
Age, weight, BSA, and caloric requirement
Water based on age… Neonates? 1-12 months?
120-180 mL/kg/day
150 mL/kg/day; maximum of 200 mL
Water based on weight.. Less than 10 kg? 10-20 kg? Greater than 20 kg?
100 mL/kg/day
1000+ 50 mL/kg/day over
1500 mL + 20 mL/kg/day
Water based on BSA?
m^2 * 1500 mL/day/m^2
Water based on caloric requirement?
1.2 mL/kcal * kcal/day
1 kcal = ? Calorie = ? calories
1 Calorie = 1000 calroies
What is the caloric density of carbs?
Parenteral: 3.4 kcal/g
Enteral 4 kcal/g
What is the caloric density of proteins?
4 kcal/g
What is the caloric density of lipids?
9 kcal/g and should be restricted to 30-40% of the total daily calories
What is the caloric density of fiber? Men and woman?
14 grams per 100 kcal
Should be about 21-25 grams for woman
Should be about 30-38 grams for men
What has to be on a nutrition label?
Serving size, number of servings per package, total calories, calories derived from fat, fat, cholesterol, total carbs, protein, sodium, vitamin A and C, calcium and iron
What are the percent daily values based on?
2000 calorie diet
What is dilution?
Can be performed for liquid, solid, and semisolid dosage forms to provide a product strength more suitable for use by a particular patient
What is concentration?
Can be preformed for a liquid dosage form by the evaporation of a portion of its solvent of vehicles
What is fortification?
Can be performed for a liquid, solid, and semisolid dosage form by the addition of a calculated quantity of additional therapeutic agent
What is trituration?
Dilution of a potent medicinal substance; prepared by diluting 1 part by weight of the drug with 9 parts of finely powdered lactose (10%)
What is strength?
The quantity per volume or the concentration
What are stock solutions?
concentrated solutions of active or inactive substances and are used to prepare solutions of smaller concentration for convience
The strength of concentrated acid is expressed as a percentage of what?
weight-in-weight
The strength of diluted acid is expressed as a percentage of what?
weight-in-volume
Due to a difference between strength of concentrated acid and diluted acid, one mus consider what?
Specific gravity of concentrated acids in calculations involving the dilution of acids
What is slope?
Ration of the change in y with a change in x
Positive slope: indicates that y values increase as x values increase
Negative slope: indicates that y value decrease as x increases
What are the X and Y axis of a semi-log graph?
Y = logarithmic dimensions X = linear dimensions
What are the X and Y axis of log-log graphs?
Both axis are in logarithmic dimensions
