Radioactivity Part 2

Question 1

is a sequence of unstable atomic nuclei and their modes of decays, which leads to a stable nucleus

Answer 1

Radioactive decay

Question 2

Sources of these unstable nuclei are different, it deal with naturally occurring radioactive decay chains known as_______

Answer 2

Radioactive series

Question 3

In nuclear decays, the disintegrating nucleus is usually referred to as the parent nucleus and the nucleus remaining after the event as the daughter nucleus

Answer 3

Decay Chain - Connor, 2019

Question 4

is when the decay rate of a radioactive isotope equals the production rate of that isotope by another source (Bergstresser, 2020)

Answer 4

Radioactive Equilibrium

Question 5

This type of relation between parent and daughter activity occurs when the half-life of the parent nuclide is infinitely larger than that of the daughter nuclide

Answer 5

Secular Equilibrium

Question 6

In this case, the half-life of the parent nuclide is still larger than that of the daughter nuclide but not infinitely

Answer 6

Transient Equilibrium

Question 7

are consists of 2 protons and 2 neutrons

It occurs when the nucleus is too large

Answer 7

Alpha Decay

Question 8

occurs when the neutron to proton ratio is too great in the nucleus and causes instability. Many radioactive nuclides decay by β-emission.

Answer 8

Beta Decay

Question 9

is a particle with the same mass as an electron but with a positive charge (antimatter version of an electron)

Answer 9

Positron Decay

Question 10

where a proton is converted into a neutron, a positron, and an electron-type neutrino

Answer 10

Positron Decay

Question 11

The nucleus captures one of its own K shell orbital electrons, a proton transforms into a neutron and a neutrino is ejected.

Answer 11

Electron Capture

Question 12

• The resulting K shell vacancy is filled with a higher level orbital electron and the transition energy is emitted from the atom in the form of characteristic photons

Answer 12

Electron Capture

Question 13

It is also possible that the energy will hit another electron and eject it. The ejected electron is called _______, which was named after Pierre Victor Auger who was credited with the Auger Effect

Answer 13

Auger Electron

Question 14

Is a process in which a nucleus with excess energy can get rid of that energy without altering its proton or neutron
count.

Answer 14

Internal Conversion

Question 15

An excited nucleus generally produced through b

– or b+ decay attains its ground state through the emission of one or several gamma ray photons.

Answer 15

Gamma Ray Decay

Question 16

Gamma decay occurs because the nucleus is at too high an energy. The nucleus falls down to a lower energy state and, in the process, emits a high-energy photon known as gamma rays.

Answer 16

Gamma Ray Decay

Question 17

Nuclei of various elements can exist in a number of different
energy states higher than the ground state. When the excited state is relatively long-lived, the nucleus is referred to as being in a metastable state denoted with an “m”.

Answer 17

Isometric Transition

Question 18

Transitions directly to the ground state can occur or otherwise
involve a number of steps with various intermediate excited states.

Answer 18

Isomeric Transition

Question 19

• The excited states are unstable, and the nucleus can return to the ground state in a number of different ways.

Answer 19

Isomeric Transition

Question 20

Protons and neutrons consist of fundamental particles called _______

Answer 20

Quark

Question 21

Sources of these unstable nuclei are different, it deal with naturally occurring radioactive decay chains

Answer 21

Radioactive series

Question 22

the half-life of the daughter nuclide is larger than that of the parent

Answer 22

No equilibrium

Question 23

TRUE OR FALSE

Stable nuclides of the lighter elements have approximately equal numbers of protons and neutrons

Answer 23

TRUE

Question 24

TRUE OR FALSE

A radio-nuclide above the stability line decays by β- emission.

Answer 24

TRUE