Charged Particles with Matter

Question 1

This refers to radiation with enough energy to knock an electron loose from an atom.
A. Ionizing Radiation
B.  Collisions
C. Ionization
D. Secondary Ionization

Answer 1

Ionizing Radiation

Question 2

True or False

Only a fraction of the particle’s energy can be transferred to an electron in an atom or molecule

Answer 2

True

Question 3

True or False

A minimum of 100 eV is necessary to knock these electrons

Answer 3

True

Question 4

As a particle transfers their energy, it slows down. Its energy is kinetic energy and kinetic energy is equal ________.

Answer 4

KE = ½ 𝑚𝑣^2

Question 5

True or False
It slows down as it transfers energy. As kinetic energy decreases, velocity must also decrease, since mass remains constant.

Answer 5

True

Question 6

Are often used to describe the transfer of energy from particle to atom.
A. Ionizing Radiation
B.  Collisions
C. Ionization
D. Secondary Ionization

Answer 6

Collisions

Question 7

The kinetic energy of the particle is cleanly transferred as kinetic energy to the electron.

Answer 7

Elastic Collision Exists.

Question 8

This includes the conversion of the particle’s kinetic energy to some other form (electron moving to a higher energy shell). This is common between large charged particles (proton, alpha particle) and electron.
A. Inelastic Collision
B. Elastic Collision
C. Primary Ionization
D. Secondary Ionization

Answer 8

Inelastic Collision

Question 9

This takes place if the amount of energy transferred by the particle is greater than the electron’s binding energy, the electron is removed from the atom.
A. Ionizing Radiation
B.  Collisions
C. Ionization
D. Secondary Ionization

Answer 9

Ionization

Question 10

The creation of an ion pair by ionizing radiation is called \_\_\_\_\_\_.
A. Inelastic Collision
B. Elastic Collision
C. Primary Ionization
D. Secondary Ionization

Answer 10

Primary Ionization

Question 11

It is an atom with a deficiency of electrons (loses an electron).

Answer 11

Cation

Question 12

It is an atom with an excess of electrons (gains an electron).
A. Cation
B. Anion
C. Range
D. Specific Ionization

Answer 12

Anion

Question 13

Is formed by the freed (ionized) electron causing its own ionization due to its significant amount of kinetic energy.
A. Inelastic Collision
B. Elastic Collision
C. Primary Ionization
D. Secondary Ionization

Answer 13

Secondary Ionization

Question 14

The freed electron is often called ______ or collectively known as _____–

Answer 14

Secondary Electron

Delta Rays

Question 15

are roughly two times more common than ionization in air.

Answer 15

Electron excitations

Question 16

As charged particles travels through matter, it creates number of ion pairs per unit length. Which is dependent on (a) energy of charged particle and (b) density of matter it is traveling through.
A. Cation
B. Anion
C. Range
D. Specific Ionization

Answer 16

Specific Ionization (SI)

Question 17

True or False

The specific ionization of alpha particles traveling through air varies from 8 to 15 million ion pairs per meter (IP/m).

Answer 17

False - 3 to 7 million

Question 18

Amount of energy deposited per unit path length is called ______

Answer 18

Linear Energy Transfer (LET)

Question 19

True or False

LET of a charged particle is proportional to the square of the charge and inversely proportional to its kinetic energy.

Answer 19

True

Question 20

Correct What makes the Sentence Wrong
Low LET radiations (alpha particles, protons, etc.) are more damaging to tissue than High LET radiations (electrons, gamma and x-rays).

Answer 20

High Let radiations are more damaging than Low Let radiations

Question 21

It is defined as the average distance a charged particle will travel before being stopped.
A. Cation
B. Anion
C. Range
D. Specific Ionization

Answer 21

Range

Question 22

For alpha particle and other heavy charged particles, range can be calculated by _______

Answer 22

dividing the energy of alpha particle (E) by its average linear energy transfer
(LET) R = E/LET

Question 23

Alpha particle range (cm) in air can also be estimated solely from its energy using _____

Answer 23

Ra-air = 0.31 E^3/2 a

Question 24

True or False

specific ionization and LET vary with the energy of the particle 40,768.09 IP/cm

Answer 24

True

Question 25

``` It plots the energy loss of ionizing radiation during its travel through matter. This represents the fact that charged particles deposit much of their energy after penetrating matter some distance. The probability of interaction increases as the particle continues to decelerate. A. Path Length B. Multiple Scattering Events C. Ionization D. Bragg Peak ```

Answer 25

Bragg Peak

Question 26

``` Electrons follow tortuous paths in matter as the result of________. A. Path Length B. Multiple Scattering Events C. Ionization D. Bragg Peak ```

Answer 26

Multiple Scattering events

Question 27

True or False | Charged particle results in dense and usually linear ionization track.

Answer 27

True

Question 28

It is the actual distance particle travels.

Answer 28

Path Length

Question 29

``` It is actual depth of penetration in matter. A. Cation B. Anion C. Range D. Specific Ionization ```

Answer 29

Range

Question 30

``` Their high kinetic energy, positive charge and large mass compared to an electron, allows them to cause a great many ionizations in a very short travel distance. A. Annihilation B. Beta Particle Interaction C. Alpha Particle Interaction D. Neutron Interactions ```

Answer 30

Alpha Particle Interaction

Question 31

True or False | Alpha particles are not easily shielded against and can be stopped by a single sheet of paper.

Answer 31

False - are easily shielded

Question 32

``` It is much less massive and less charged than alpha particles and interact less intensely with atoms in the materials they pass through. A. Annihilation B. Beta Particle Interaction C. Alpha Particle Interaction D. Neutron Interactions ```

Answer 32

Beta Particle Interaction

Question 33

True or False | High energy beta particles are not capable of penetrating the dead layer of the skin

Answer 33

False - Low energy

Question 34

``` As the positron moves along, it pulls electrons out of the atoms and produces ________. A. Path Length B. Multiple Scattering Events C. Ionization D. Bragg Peak ```

Answer 34

Ionization

Question 35

``` the process occurs when the antimatter positron combines with the conventional matter electron. In this interaction, the masses of both particles are completely converted into energy. A. Annihilation B. Beta Particle Interaction C. Alpha Particle Interaction D. Neutron Interactions ```

Answer 35

Annihilation

Question 36

The energy equivalent of one electron or positron mass is ____.

Answer 36

511 keV

Question 37

``` Are uncharged particles. They do not interact with electrons. Do not directly cause excitation or ionization. A. Annihilation B. Beta Particle Interaction C. Alpha Particle Interaction D. Neutron Interactions ```

Answer 37

Neutron Interactions

Question 38

``` Carries a negative charge. A. Corpuscles B. Electrons C. Elastic Interaction D. Characteristic X-rays ```

Answer 38

Electrons

Question 39

Thompson termed it as _______ and found out that it is 1,000 times smaller than a hydrogen atom

Answer 39

Corpuscles

Question 40

True or False | The mass of electron is approximately 1/1836 of that of a proton

Answer 40

True

Question 41

``` No energy is transferred from the electron to the sample. Hence, there is no loss of energy. A. Corpuscles B. Electrons C. Elastic Interaction D. Characteristic X-rays ```

Answer 41

Elastic Interaction

Question 42

True or False Elastic scattering happens if the electron is deflected from its path by Coulomb interaction with the positive potential inside the electron cloud.

Answer 42

True

Question 43

True or False Inelastic scattering is a general term which refers to any process that causes the primary electron to lose a detectable amount of energy

Answer 43

True

Question 44

``` The processes all involve an interaction between the primary beam electrons and orbital electrons of the atom in the sample or material. There is always energy loss. A. Corpuscles B. Inelastic Interaction C. Elastic Interaction D. Characteristic X-rays ```

Answer 44

Inelastic Interaction

Question 45

True or False Incident electron travelling through the atom might transfer part of its energy to an electron located in the atom’s outer most shell

Answer 45

False - inner most shell

Question 46

True or False The energy transfer to an inner shell is important because the electronic state of the generated ion is energetically unstable

Answer 46

True

Question 47

These are emitted when an electron from a higher energy level drops to fill the electron hole in a lower energy level.

Answer 47

Characteristic X-rays

Question 48

True or False | Every element has a characteristic number of electrons localized in a well-defined energy states

Answer 48

True

Question 49

True or False | The more electrons and thus energy levels an element has, the more transitions are possible.

Answer 49

True

Question 50

It requires _____ eV to remove a carbon K electron and ______ eV to remove a tungsten K electron

Answer 50

283 eV | 69,508 eV

Question 51

An alternative to X-ray emission is ejection of an outer electron carrying away the transferred energy of the primary electron as kinetic energy. The process is known as __________.

Answer 51

Auger emission

Question 52

True or False Auger electrons are produced when a sample is bombarded with electrons and a characteristic Xray produced by inner shell ionization is reabsorbed, ejecting an electron.

Answer 52

True

Question 53

True or False Auger effect is more common in elements with high atomic number because their atomic electrons are more loosely bound and their characteristic X-rays more readily absorbed

Answer 53

False - low atomic number

Question 54

which loses some of its energy to the inner shell electron

Answer 54

Primary Electrons

Question 55

which fills the hole in the inner shell

Answer 55

Outer electron

Question 56

which carries off the surplus energy

Answer 56

Other Outer Electron

Question 57

True or False | The Braking radiation is the main constituent of the continuous X-ray emission spectrum

Answer 57

True

Question 58

Several mechanism of inelastic electron matter can lead to the ejection of a _________

Answer 58

secondary electron (SE)

Question 59

True or False Electrons located in the valence or conduction band need only the transfer of a small amount of energy to gain the necessary energy to be ejected into the vacuum

Answer 59

True

Question 60

True or False | Electrons that are located in the inner shells are stronger bound and less readily ejected.

Answer 60

True