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Radiation biology > Radiation Protection / Radiobiology 2 > Flashcards

Radiation Protection / Radiobiology 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Working habits and conditions of personnel can be assessed over a designated period of time. 3 examples =

A

Monthly
Quarterly
Yearly

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2
Q

What 3 work areas typically have higher readings?

A

Fluoro
Portables
Interventionals

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3
Q

Wear a monitor at collar to monitor ____ and ____

A

Thyroid

Eye dose

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4
Q

If 2 devices are worn, “hot” = _____ …. And “cold” = _____

A 
Hot = on collar
Cold = at waist under apron
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5
Q

Wear device at ______ to monitor thyroid and eye dose

A

Collar

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6
Q

True or false: Pregnant workers do not have to “declare” pregnancy to get an additional badge

A

False. They HAVE to declare pregnancy first then they will receive a second badge

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7
Q

______ or ______ badges should be worn if hands are frequently near primary beam

A

TLD

Finger

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8
Q

Nuclear Medicine Technologists should wear _____ or finger badges

A

TLD

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9
Q

True or false: HC facilities / education programs must maintain exposure records

A

True

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10
Q

Personnel monitors must be _____, _____, and _____.

A

Portable
Durable
Cost-efficient

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11
Q

Permanent record and can be re-read

A

Film badges

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12
Q

Come with a “control badge” for non-radiation area

A

Film badge

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13
Q

Newest, similar to film badge

A

Optically Stimulated Luminescence Dosimeters (OSL)

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14
Q

Uses Aluminum Oxide crystals that are stimulated by a laser to give off light that is read only once

A

Optically Stimulated Luminescence Dosimeter (OSL)

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15
Q

Looks like a pocket flashlight, can be read only once, not used much

A

Pocket Ionization chambers

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16
Q

Self-reading Pocket Ionization chambers are for instant ___________.

A

Dose reading

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17
Q

Non self-reading Pocket Ionization chambers require a …

A

Reading device

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18
Q

Uses Lithium Fluoride crystals that give off light when heated, read only once, responds most like human tissue

A

Thermoluminescent Dosimeter (TLD)

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19
Q

_________ and/or ________ reviews reports and councils employees if necessary

A

Radiation Safety Officer (RSO)

Health Physicist

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20
Q

Area monitoring done with radiation survey instruments must be _____ and _________

A

Durable

Easy to carry

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21
Q

Tube which indicates presence/absence of radiation

A

Geiger-Muller Tuber (GM Tube)

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22
Q

Gas filled survey instrument

A

Cutie Pie

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23
Q

RSO

A

Radiation Safety Officer

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24
Q

Erythema

A

Skin reddening

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25
Q

Epilation / alopecia

A

Hair loss

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26
Q

The higher the dose, the _____ the latent period

A

Shorter

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27
Q

Latent Period

A

Symptom-free period

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28
Q

Hematopoietic Syndrome

A

1-10 Gy (100-1,000 Rads)

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29
Q

Probable death within 6-8 weeks due to decrease in number of RBC, WBC, destroyed immune system

A

Hematopoietic Syndrome

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30
Q

GI syndrome

A

10-50 Gy (1,000-5,000 Rads)

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31
Q

Certain death within 3-10 days due to excessive diarrhea, vomiting, etc

A

GI Syndrome

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32
Q

CNS Syndrome

A

50+ Gy (5,000+ Rads)

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33
Q

Certain death within minutes to hours due to excessive cranial fluid

A

CNS Syndrome

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34
Q

Divisions of Acute Radiation Syndrome (3)

A

Hematopoietic
GI
CNS

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35
Q

Response stages of ARS (4)

A

Prodromal / initial stage
Latent period
Manifest illness
Recovery or death

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36
Q

Within hours&raquo_space; nausea, vomiting

A

Prodromal or Initial Stage

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37
Q

About 1 week after Prodromal&raquo_space; NO symptoms

A

Latent period

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38
Q

Full signs/symptoms appear

A

Manifest illness

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39
Q

In approx. 3 months from Prodromal Stage

A

Recovery or death

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40
Q

LD 50/30

A

Lethal dose that can kill 50% of the exposed population within 30 days

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41
Q

LD 50/30 range

A

3-4 Gy (300-400 Rads)

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42
Q

Rays of 10-20 kVp used to treat acne and ringworm

A

Grenz

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43
Q

German word for “boundary”

A

Grenz

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44
Q

Tabletop dose for routine fluoro cannot exceed

A

10 R/min

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45
Q

High-Level Control Fluoro (HLCF) cannot exceed

A

20 R/min

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46
Q

Temporary sterility may occur at gonadal dose of

A

2 Gy (200 Rads)

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47
Q

Permanent sterility may occur at gonadal dose of

A

5-6 Gy (500-600 Rads)

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48
Q

Whole body dose as low as _____ may cause a ,easer able hematologist depression

A

0.25 Gy (25 Rads)

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49
Q

Most radiosensitive cells in body

A

Lymphocytes

50
Q

Least radioresitant cells in body

A

Lymphocytes

51
Q

Least radioactive cells in body

A

Adult nerve cells

52
Q

Most radioresitant cells in body

A

Adult nerve cells

53
Q

Photomicrograph showing chromosomal “map”

A

Karotype

54
Q

Cells are MOST radiosensitive during

A

Metaphase (“M”)

55
Q

Indirect effect damage occurs ___ of the time (due to radiolysis of water)

A

95%

56
Q

Direct effect damage occurs ___ of the time

A

5%

57
Q

Dose-response relationship curves

A

Linear
Non-linear
Threshold
Non-threshold

58
Q

_______ and _______ are plotted on linear, non-threshold curves (“no safe limit”)

A

Diagnostic

Leukemia

59
Q

______ effects occur in the exposed individual

A

Somatic effects

60
Q

________ effects are late somatic effects that can be directly related to the dose received

A

Deterministic

61
Q

_______ effects are NOT likely to occur from diagnostic imaging procedures

A

Deterministic

62
Q

Late somatic effects that do not have a threshold, occur in an arbitrary manner

A

Probabilistic

63
Q

Late somatic effects have a severity that does not have a threshold

A

Probabilistic

64
Q

Late somatic effects that occur in an arbitrary manner (no rhyme or reason)

A

Probabilistic

65
Q

Late somatic effects at have a severity that does not depend on dose

A

Probabilistic

66
Q

Late somatic effects that can occur after high or possibly low level exposures

A

Probabilistic

67
Q

Extrapolation

A

Estimating the dose

68
Q

Used by radiologists to establish dose-response curve for diagnostic exposures

A

Extrapolation

69
Q

______ is the MOST important late stochastic somatic effect caused by exposure to ionizing radiation

A

Cancer

70
Q

Mostly young women who suffered from bone cancer (radium chemically similar to calcium)

A

Radium watch dial painters

71
Q

Early Uranium miners suffered from high incidences of ______ cancer

A

Lung

72
Q

Infants treated for am enlarged thymus gland layer suffered from _____ cancer

A

Thyroid

73
Q

Known places exposed to high levels of radiation include:

A

Hiroshima and Nagasaki (Japan 1945)

Chernobyl (Soviet Union 1986)

74
Q

Genetic effects occur in

A

Offspring of exposed individual

75
Q

2 examples of Genetic effects

A

Down’s Syndrome

Microcephaly

76
Q

If both parents possess the point mutation it is called:

A

Dominant

77
Q

If only one parents possess the point mutation it is called

A

Recessive (probably won’t be seen for several generations)

78
Q

NCRP Report #___ and Publication #___ of ICRP are resources for EfD Limiting System

A

116

60

79
Q

Radiation Hormesis

A

Hypothesis that a small amount of radiation is safe

80
Q

Group that implements US Radiation Protection Policies

A

NCRP

81
Q

Group that controls manufacture and use of radioactive substances

A

NRC

82
Q

Group that regulates design/manufacture of products used in radiation industry

A

FDA

83
Q

States that have agreements with NRC to enforce radiation regulations through their health departments

A

Agreement States

84
Q

Both state and NRC enforce regulations

A

Non-Agreement States

85
Q

Oversees daily operation and develops safety programs

A

Radiation Safety Officer

86
Q

Act passed to protect public from hazards of unnecessary radiation exposure from electronic products (TVs, microwaves, etc.)

A

1968 Radiation Control for Health and Safety Act

87
Q

Act that requires establishment of minimal standards for accreditation of education programs

A

Consumer-Patient Radiation Health and Safety Act of 1981

88
Q

Biological somatic effects that exhibit a threshold dose below which the effect does not normally occur

A

Nonstochastic effects

89
Q

Biologic somatic effects above which severity of damage increases as dose increases

A

Nonstochastic

90
Q

Nonthreshold, randomly occurring somatic changes in which chance of occurrence of effect rather than severity of effect is proportional to dose

A

Stochastic effects

91
Q

Annual EfD for occupational exposure

A

50 mSv (5 Rem)

92
Q

Cumulative EfD

A

Age in years x 10 mSv (1 Rem)

93
Q

Annual dose limit for lens of eye

A

150 mSv (15 Rem)

94
Q

Annual dose limit for skin, hands, feet

A

500 mSv (50 Rem)

95
Q

Annual EfD for general public infrequent exposure

A

5 mSv (0.5 Rem)

96
Q

Dose for 17 year old student

A

1 mSv (0.1 Rem)

97
Q

Fetal dose for gestational period

A

5 mSv (0.5 Rem)

98
Q

Fetal dose monthly not to exceed

A

5 mSv (0.05 Rem)

99
Q

Leakage radiation cannot exceed

A

100 mR/hr. At 1 meter

100
Q

Control panel of fixed unit must be… (3)

A

Behind protective barrier
Allow you to see patient
Indicate when tube is energized and exposure is made

101
Q

Tabletop must be as ________ as possible

A

Radiolucent

102
Q

Equipment must have an _____ indicator

A

SID

103
Q

True or false: Must have beam limiting confine useful beam

A

True

104
Q

Beam Limiting device must have SSD of ___.

A

15”

105
Q

Collimator alignment must be within _____ of SID

A

+/- 2%

106
Q

If beam operates at 70 kV or above, must have at least ____mm. Al filtration to decrease patient skin dose

A

2.5

107
Q

_____ added + _____ inherent

A
  1. 0

0. 5

108
Q

Used for screen-film combinations

A

Spectral matching

109
Q

Used to improve quality of image but increase patient dose

A

Grids

110
Q

Grids are used more frequently in ____ due to scatter sensitivity

A

CR

111
Q

Use a ____ SSD for portables

A

12” (30 cm)

112
Q

____ make up the matrix in DR

A

Pixels

113
Q

Be aware of proper technique by checking “S” number to avoid ________

A

Overexposure (“Dose Creep”)

114
Q

______ produces greatest diagnostic dose

A

Fluoro

115
Q

To reduce fluoro patient dose you should…. (4)

A

Minimize fluoro time
Use intermittent fluoro
Collimate
Use correct techniques

116
Q

SSD for fixed fluoro

A

15” (38 cm.)

117
Q

SSD for C-arm

A

12” (30 cm.)

118
Q

Type of fluoro that results in highest fluoro dose so use intermittent and “last image hold”

A

Cinefluorography

119
Q

Type of fluoro used for interventionals so monitor and document fluoro time

A

HLCF (High-Level-Control Fluoro)

120
Q

Personnel monitoring is required whenever workers are likely to risk receiving ___% or more of annual occupational EfD limit of 50 mSv (5 Rem) / year

A

10

Radiation biology (19 decks)

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