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Radiation biology > Radiation Protection / Radiobiology 2 > Flashcards

Radiation Protection / Radiobiology 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Working habits and conditions of personnel can be assessed over a designated period of time. 3 examples =

A

Monthly
Quarterly
Yearly

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2
Q

What 3 work areas typically have higher readings?

A

Fluoro
Portables
Interventionals

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3
Q

Wear a monitor at collar to monitor ____ and ____

A

Thyroid

Eye dose

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4
Q

If 2 devices are worn, “hot” = _____ …. And “cold” = _____

A 
Hot = on collar
Cold = at waist under apron
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5
Q

Wear device at ______ to monitor thyroid and eye dose

A

Collar

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6
Q

True or false: Pregnant workers do not have to “declare” pregnancy to get an additional badge

A

False. They HAVE to declare pregnancy first then they will receive a second badge

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7
Q

______ or ______ badges should be worn if hands are frequently near primary beam

A

TLD

Finger

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8
Q

Nuclear Medicine Technologists should wear _____ or finger badges

A

TLD

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9
Q

True or false: HC facilities / education programs must maintain exposure records

A

True

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10
Q

Personnel monitors must be _____, _____, and _____.

A

Portable
Durable
Cost-efficient

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11
Q

Permanent record and can be re-read

A

Film badges

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12
Q

Come with a “control badge” for non-radiation area

A

Film badge

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13
Q

Newest, similar to film badge

A

Optically Stimulated Luminescence Dosimeters (OSL)

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14
Q

Uses Aluminum Oxide crystals that are stimulated by a laser to give off light that is read only once

A

Optically Stimulated Luminescence Dosimeter (OSL)

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15
Q

Looks like a pocket flashlight, can be read only once, not used much

A

Pocket Ionization chambers

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16
Q

Self-reading Pocket Ionization chambers are for instant ___________.

A

Dose reading

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17
Q

Non self-reading Pocket Ionization chambers require a …

A

Reading device

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18
Q

Uses Lithium Fluoride crystals that give off light when heated, read only once, responds most like human tissue

A

Thermoluminescent Dosimeter (TLD)

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19
Q

_________ and/or ________ reviews reports and councils employees if necessary

A

Radiation Safety Officer (RSO)

Health Physicist

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20
Q

Area monitoring done with radiation survey instruments must be _____ and _________

A

Durable

Easy to carry

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21
Q

Tube which indicates presence/absence of radiation

A

Geiger-Muller Tuber (GM Tube)

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22
Q

Gas filled survey instrument

A

Cutie Pie

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23
Q

RSO

A

Radiation Safety Officer

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24
Q

Erythema

A

Skin reddening

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25
Epilation / alopecia
Hair loss
26
The higher the dose, the _____ the latent period
Shorter
27
Latent Period
Symptom-free period
28
Hematopoietic Syndrome
1-10 Gy (100-1,000 Rads)
29
Probable death within 6-8 weeks due to decrease in number of RBC, WBC, destroyed immune system
Hematopoietic Syndrome
30
GI syndrome
10-50 Gy (1,000-5,000 Rads)
31
Certain death within 3-10 days due to excessive diarrhea, vomiting, etc
GI Syndrome
32
CNS Syndrome
50+ Gy (5,000+ Rads)
33
Certain death within minutes to hours due to excessive cranial fluid
CNS Syndrome
34
Divisions of Acute Radiation Syndrome (3)
Hematopoietic GI CNS
35
Response stages of ARS (4)
Prodromal / initial stage Latent period Manifest illness Recovery or death
36
Within hours >> nausea, vomiting
Prodromal or Initial Stage
37
About 1 week after Prodromal >> NO symptoms
Latent period
38
Full signs/symptoms appear
Manifest illness
39
In approx. 3 months from Prodromal Stage
Recovery or death
40
LD 50/30
Lethal dose that can kill 50% of the exposed population within 30 days
41
LD 50/30 range
3-4 Gy (300-400 Rads)
42
Rays of 10-20 kVp used to treat acne and ringworm
Grenz
43
German word for "boundary"
Grenz
44
Tabletop dose for routine fluoro cannot exceed
10 R/min
45
High-Level Control Fluoro (HLCF) cannot exceed
20 R/min
46
Temporary sterility may occur at gonadal dose of
2 Gy (200 Rads)
47
Permanent sterility may occur at gonadal dose of
5-6 Gy (500-600 Rads)
48
Whole body dose as low as _____ may cause a ,easer able hematologist depression
0.25 Gy (25 Rads)
49
Most radiosensitive cells in body
Lymphocytes
50
Least radioresitant cells in body
Lymphocytes
51
Least radioactive cells in body
Adult nerve cells
52
Most radioresitant cells in body
Adult nerve cells
53
Photomicrograph showing chromosomal "map"
Karotype
54
Cells are MOST radiosensitive during
Metaphase ("M")
55
Indirect effect damage occurs ___ of the time (due to radiolysis of water)
95%
56
Direct effect damage occurs ___ of the time
5%
57
Dose-response relationship curves
Linear Non-linear Threshold Non-threshold
58
_______ and _______ are plotted on linear, non-threshold curves ("no safe limit")
Diagnostic | Leukemia
59
______ effects occur in the exposed individual
Somatic effects
60
________ effects are late somatic effects that can be directly related to the dose received
Deterministic
61
_______ effects are NOT likely to occur from diagnostic imaging procedures
Deterministic
62
Late somatic effects that do not have a threshold, occur in an arbitrary manner
Probabilistic
63
Late somatic effects have a severity that does not have a threshold
Probabilistic
64
Late somatic effects that occur in an arbitrary manner (no rhyme or reason)
Probabilistic
65
Late somatic effects at have a severity that does not depend on dose
Probabilistic
66
Late somatic effects that can occur after high or possibly low level exposures
Probabilistic
67
Extrapolation
Estimating the dose
68
Used by radiologists to establish dose-response curve for diagnostic exposures
Extrapolation
69
______ is the MOST important late stochastic somatic effect caused by exposure to ionizing radiation
Cancer
70
Mostly young women who suffered from bone cancer (radium chemically similar to calcium)
Radium watch dial painters
71
Early Uranium miners suffered from high incidences of ______ cancer
Lung
72
Infants treated for am enlarged thymus gland layer suffered from _____ cancer
Thyroid
73
Known places exposed to high levels of radiation include:
Hiroshima and Nagasaki (Japan 1945) | Chernobyl (Soviet Union 1986)
74
Genetic effects occur in
Offspring of exposed individual
75
2 examples of Genetic effects
Down's Syndrome | Microcephaly
76
If both parents possess the point mutation it is called:
Dominant
77
If only one parents possess the point mutation it is called
Recessive (probably won't be seen for several generations)
78
NCRP Report #___ and Publication #___ of ICRP are resources for EfD Limiting System
116 | 60
79
Radiation Hormesis
Hypothesis that a small amount of radiation is safe
80
Group that implements US Radiation Protection Policies
NCRP
81
Group that controls manufacture and use of radioactive substances
NRC
82
Group that regulates design/manufacture of products used in radiation industry
FDA
83
States that have agreements with NRC to enforce radiation regulations through their health departments
Agreement States
84
Both state and NRC enforce regulations
Non-Agreement States
85
Oversees daily operation and develops safety programs
Radiation Safety Officer
86
Act passed to protect public from hazards of unnecessary radiation exposure from electronic products (TVs, microwaves, etc.)
1968 Radiation Control for Health and Safety Act
87
Act that requires establishment of minimal standards for accreditation of education programs
Consumer-Patient Radiation Health and Safety Act of 1981
88
Biological somatic effects that exhibit a threshold dose below which the effect does not normally occur
Nonstochastic effects
89
Biologic somatic effects above which severity of damage increases as dose increases
Nonstochastic
90
Nonthreshold, randomly occurring somatic changes in which chance of occurrence of effect rather than severity of effect is proportional to dose
Stochastic effects
91
Annual EfD for occupational exposure
50 mSv (5 Rem)
92
Cumulative EfD
Age in years x 10 mSv (1 Rem)
93
Annual dose limit for lens of eye
150 mSv (15 Rem)
94
Annual dose limit for skin, hands, feet
500 mSv (50 Rem)
95
Annual EfD for general public infrequent exposure
5 mSv (0.5 Rem)
96
Dose for 17 year old student
1 mSv (0.1 Rem)
97
Fetal dose for gestational period
5 mSv (0.5 Rem)
98
Fetal dose monthly not to exceed
5 mSv (0.05 Rem)
99
Leakage radiation cannot exceed
100 mR/hr. At 1 meter
100
Control panel of fixed unit must be... (3)
Behind protective barrier Allow you to see patient Indicate when tube is energized and exposure is made
101
Tabletop must be as ________ as possible
Radiolucent
102
Equipment must have an _____ indicator
SID
103
True or false: Must have beam limiting confine useful beam
True
104
Beam Limiting device must have SSD of ___.
15"
105
Collimator alignment must be within _____ of SID
+/- 2%
106
If beam operates at 70 kV or above, must have at least ____mm. Al filtration to decrease patient skin dose
2.5
107
_____ added + _____ inherent
2. 0 | 0. 5
108
Used for screen-film combinations
Spectral matching
109
Used to improve quality of image but increase patient dose
Grids
110
Grids are used more frequently in ____ due to scatter sensitivity
CR
111
Use a ____ SSD for portables
12" (30 cm)
112
____ make up the matrix in DR
Pixels
113
Be aware of proper technique by checking "S" number to avoid ________
Overexposure ("Dose Creep")
114
______ produces greatest diagnostic dose
Fluoro
115
To reduce fluoro patient dose you should.... (4)
Minimize fluoro time Use intermittent fluoro Collimate Use correct techniques
116
SSD for fixed fluoro
15" (38 cm.)
117
SSD for C-arm
12" (30 cm.)
118
Type of fluoro that results in highest fluoro dose so use intermittent and "last image hold"
Cinefluorography
119
Type of fluoro used for interventionals so monitor and document fluoro time
HLCF (High-Level-Control Fluoro)
120
Personnel monitoring is required whenever workers are likely to risk receiving ___% or more of annual occupational EfD limit of 50 mSv (5 Rem) / year
10

Radiation biology (19 decks)

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