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Radiation biology > Chapter 2 EXAM 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 EXAM 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Radiation

A

energy in transit from one location to another

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2
Q

matter

A

anything that occupies space and has mass

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3
Q

what are the fundamental building blocks of matter

A

atoms and molecules

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4
Q

what is the scientific unit of mass

A

kilograms

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5
Q

energy

A

the ability to do work

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6
Q

energy is measured in radiology using the unit

A

electron volt

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7
Q

energy is measured in SI unit called

A

the joule

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8
Q

potential energy

A

the ability to do work by virtue of position

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9
Q

kinetic energy

A

the energy of motion

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10
Q

chemical energy

A

energy released by a chemical reaction

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11
Q

electrical energy

A

the work that can be done when an electron or an electronic charge moves through an electric potential

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12
Q

thermal energy

A

heat

energy of molecular motion

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13
Q

nuclear energy

A

energy contained in the nucleus of an atom

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14
Q

electromagnetic energy

A

type of energy in xrays, radiowaves, microwaves, infrared light, visible light, ultraviolet light, and gamma rays

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15
Q

electromagnetic energy is also referred to as

A

electromagnetic radiation

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16
Q

photon

A

the smallest quantity of any type of electromagnetic energy

travels through space at the speed of light

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17
Q

a photon is also sometimes called

A

a quantum

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18
Q

speed of light =

A

186,000 miles per sec..

3*10^8 m/s

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19
Q

electromagnetic radiation appears to have a dual nature called

A

wave-particle duality

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20
Q

wave-particle duality means

A

it can travel through space in the form of a wave but can interact with matter as a particle of energy

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21
Q

xrays can be described as both…

A

waves and particles

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22
Q

types of electromagnetic radiation that comprise the electromagnetic spectrum (7 types)

A
  1. radio waves
  2. microwaves
  3. infrared light
  4. visible light
  5. ultraviolet light
  6. xrays
  7. gamma rays
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23
Q

ultraviolet light

A

has enough energy to destroy bacteria and produce changes in the skin layers

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24
Q

xrays/gamma rays

A

short wavelengths, high energy, high frequency

capable of ionization.

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25
Q

ionization

A

removal of an electron from its orbital path

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26
Q

the only difference between xrays and gamma rays

A

is their origin

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27
Q

all electromagnetic waves have the same

A

constant speed

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28
Q

electromagnetic waves are different in

A

wavelength and frequency

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29
Q

wavelength

A

distance between 2 successive crests or troughs in a wave

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30
Q

frequency

A

the number of wavelengths passing a point per second

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31
Q

an increase in frequency must always be accompanied by a decrease in

A

wavelength

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32
Q

frequency is what in proportion to wavelength

A

inversely proportional

33
Q

photon energy and frequency are

A

directly proportional

34
Q

electromagnetic spectrum is divided into 2 parts

A
  1. ionizing radiation

2. nonionizing radiation

35
Q

ionizing radiation includes

A

xrays, gamma rays, high energy ultraviolet radiation

has enough energy to eject electrons from atoms

36
Q

nonionizing radiation includes

A

low energy ultraviolet radiation
visible light
infrared rays
microwaves and radiowaves

37
Q

radiation dose

A

the amount of energy transferred to electrons by ionizing radiation

38
Q

equivalent dose

A

a quantity of radiation applying only to ionizing radiation

39
Q

ionizing radiation can be classified into 2 categories

A
  1. electromagnetic radiation

2. particulate radiation

40
Q

electromagnetic radiation includes

A

xrays and gamma rays

41
Q

particulate radiation includes

A

alpha particles
beta particles
neutrons
protons

42
Q

particulate radiation refers to

A

particles originating from radioactive nuclei with the energy to ionize matter

43
Q

alpha particles, beta particles, protons and neutrons are all

A

subatomic particles that are ejected from atoms at very high speeds. can cause ionization when in motion but not when at rest.

44
Q

radioactive decay

A

naturally occurring process whereby an unstable atomic nucleus relieves its instability by various types of nuclear spontaneous emissions

45
Q

radioisotope

A

radioactive atoms that have the same number of protons that are changed into different atomic species

46
Q

alpha particles are also called

A

alpha rays

47
Q

alpha particles

A

contain 2 protons and 2 neutrons
has a large mass
cause more damage than xrays

48
Q

alpha radiation from an external source is

A

nearly harmless

49
Q

alpha radiation from an internal source can

A

intensely irradiate the local tissue

if ingested internally you’ll die

50
Q

an average alpha particle possesses

A

4 to 7 MeV of kinetic energy

51
Q

average alpha particle ionizes about

A

40000 atoms

52
Q

In air alpha particles can travel

A

5cm

53
Q

in soft tissue alpha particles travel

A

less than 100

54
Q

beta particles are also called

A

beta rays

55
Q

beta particles

A

light particles w/ atomic mass of 0
one negative or positive charge
cause more damage than xrays but not as much as alpha particles

56
Q

the only difference between electrons and negative beta particles is

A

their origin

57
Q

positive beta particles are called

A

positrons

58
Q

what can be used as a shield for alpha particles

A

piece of paper

59
Q

what can stop beta particles

A

a piece of wood

60
Q

beta particles may traverse how much air

A

10-100cm of air

61
Q

beta particles may traverse how much soft tissue

A

1-2cm of soft tissue

62
Q

protons

A

positively charged components of an atom

63
Q

proton beam therapy uses a special machine called

A

a cyclotron or a synchrotron to generate and accelerate protons

64
Q

neutrons

A

electrically neutral components of an atom

65
Q

neutron beam therapy uses

A

neutrons to destroy dense tumors

66
Q

equivalent dose EqD

A

radiation quantity used for radiation protection purposes when a person receives exposure from various types of ionizing radiation
attempts to numerically specify the biologic harm produced by different types of radiation

67
Q

equivalent dose enables the calculation or

A

effective dose

68
Q

what is the unit of equivalent dose

A

Sievert or REM

69
Q

effective dose EfD

A

takes into account the equivalent dose and also the fact that our organs have different degrees of radiosensitivity
represents the whole body dose

70
Q

damage at the atomic level results in

A

molecular change which can cause cellular damage

71
Q

if cellular damage is excessive the organism exhibits genetic or self changes for example

A

mutations
cataracts
leukemia

72
Q

example of organic damage

A

changes in blood count
may cause decrease in the number of lymphocytes
blood system is pretty radiosensitive

73
Q

2 types of sources of radiation

A
  1. natural environmental radiation

2. man made radiation

74
Q

Total EqD from natural radiation

A

3.0 mSv or 300 mRem

75
Q

total EqD from manmade radiation

A

3.3 mSv or 330 mRem

76
Q

Total EqD from both manmade and natural radiation

A

6.3 mSv or 630 mRem

77
Q

natural sources of radiation include

A

terrestrial radiation
cosmic radiation
internally deposited radionuclides

78
Q

manmade sources of radiation include

A 
consumer products
air travel
nuclear fuel 
nuclear weapons testing 
nuclear power plant accidents/caused by natural disasters 
medical radiation

Radiation biology (19 decks)

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