Chapter 2 EXAM 1

Question 1

Radiation

Answer 1

energy in transit from one location to another

Question 2

matter

Answer 2

anything that occupies space and has mass

Question 3

what are the fundamental building blocks of matter

Answer 3

atoms and molecules

Question 4

what is the scientific unit of mass

Answer 4

kilograms

Question 5

energy

Answer 5

the ability to do work

Question 6

energy is measured in radiology using the unit

Answer 6

electron volt

Question 7

energy is measured in SI unit called

Answer 7

the joule

Question 8

potential energy

Answer 8

the ability to do work by virtue of position

Question 9

kinetic energy

Answer 9

the energy of motion

Question 10

chemical energy

Answer 10

energy released by a chemical reaction

Question 11

electrical energy

Answer 11

the work that can be done when an electron or an electronic charge moves through an electric potential

Question 12

thermal energy

Answer 12

heat

energy of molecular motion

Question 13

nuclear energy

Answer 13

energy contained in the nucleus of an atom

Question 14

electromagnetic energy

Answer 14

type of energy in xrays, radiowaves, microwaves, infrared light, visible light, ultraviolet light, and gamma rays

Question 15

electromagnetic energy is also referred to as

Answer 15

electromagnetic radiation

Question 16

photon

Answer 16

the smallest quantity of any type of electromagnetic energy

travels through space at the speed of light

Question 17

a photon is also sometimes called

Answer 17

a quantum

Question 18

speed of light =

Answer 18

186,000 miles per sec..

3*10^8 m/s

Question 19

electromagnetic radiation appears to have a dual nature called

Answer 19

wave-particle duality

Question 20

wave-particle duality means

Answer 20

it can travel through space in the form of a wave but can interact with matter as a particle of energy

Question 21

xrays can be described as both…

Answer 21

waves and particles

Question 22

types of electromagnetic radiation that comprise the electromagnetic spectrum (7 types)

Answer 22

1. radio waves
2. microwaves
3. infrared light
4. visible light
5. ultraviolet light
6. xrays
7. gamma rays

Question 23

ultraviolet light

Answer 23

has enough energy to destroy bacteria and produce changes in the skin layers

Question 24

xrays/gamma rays

Answer 24

short wavelengths, high energy, high frequency

capable of ionization.

Question 25

ionization

Answer 25

removal of an electron from its orbital path

Question 26

the only difference between xrays and gamma rays

Answer 26

is their origin

Question 27

all electromagnetic waves have the same

Answer 27

constant speed

Question 28

electromagnetic waves are different in

Answer 28

wavelength and frequency

Question 29

wavelength

Answer 29

distance between 2 successive crests or troughs in a wave

Question 30

frequency

Answer 30

the number of wavelengths passing a point per second

Question 31

an increase in frequency must always be accompanied by a decrease in

Answer 31

wavelength

Question 32

frequency is what in proportion to wavelength

Answer 32

inversely proportional

Question 33

photon energy and frequency are

Answer 33

directly proportional

Question 34

electromagnetic spectrum is divided into 2 parts

Answer 34

1. ionizing radiation | 2. nonionizing radiation

Question 35

ionizing radiation includes

Answer 35

xrays, gamma rays, high energy ultraviolet radiation | has enough energy to eject electrons from atoms

Question 36

nonionizing radiation includes

Answer 36

low energy ultraviolet radiation visible light infrared rays microwaves and radiowaves

Question 37

radiation dose

Answer 37

the amount of energy transferred to electrons by ionizing radiation

Question 38

equivalent dose

Answer 38

a quantity of radiation applying only to ionizing radiation

Question 39

ionizing radiation can be classified into 2 categories

Answer 39

1. electromagnetic radiation | 2. particulate radiation

Question 40

electromagnetic radiation includes

Answer 40

xrays and gamma rays

Question 41

particulate radiation includes

Answer 41

alpha particles beta particles neutrons protons

Question 42

particulate radiation refers to

Answer 42

particles originating from radioactive nuclei with the energy to ionize matter

Question 43

alpha particles, beta particles, protons and neutrons are all

Answer 43

subatomic particles that are ejected from atoms at very high speeds. can cause ionization when in motion but not when at rest.

Question 44

radioactive decay

Answer 44

naturally occurring process whereby an unstable atomic nucleus relieves its instability by various types of nuclear spontaneous emissions

Question 45

radioisotope

Answer 45

radioactive atoms that have the same number of protons that are changed into different atomic species

Question 46

alpha particles are also called

Answer 46

alpha rays

Question 47

alpha particles

Answer 47

contain 2 protons and 2 neutrons has a large mass cause more damage than xrays

Question 48

alpha radiation from an external source is

Answer 48

nearly harmless

Question 49

alpha radiation from an internal source can

Answer 49

intensely irradiate the local tissue | if ingested internally you'll die

Question 50

an average alpha particle possesses

Answer 50

4 to 7 MeV of kinetic energy

Question 51

average alpha particle ionizes about

Answer 51

40000 atoms

Question 52

In air alpha particles can travel

Answer 52

5cm

Question 53

in soft tissue alpha particles travel

Answer 53

less than 100

Question 54

beta particles are also called

Answer 54

beta rays

Question 55

beta particles

Answer 55

light particles w/ atomic mass of 0 one negative or positive charge cause more damage than xrays but not as much as alpha particles

Question 56

the only difference between electrons and negative beta particles is

Answer 56

their origin

Question 57

positive beta particles are called

Answer 57

positrons

Question 58

what can be used as a shield for alpha particles

Answer 58

piece of paper

Question 59

what can stop beta particles

Answer 59

a piece of wood

Question 60

beta particles may traverse how much air

Answer 60

10-100cm of air

Question 61

beta particles may traverse how much soft tissue

Answer 61

1-2cm of soft tissue

Question 62

protons

Answer 62

positively charged components of an atom

Question 63

proton beam therapy uses a special machine called

Answer 63

a cyclotron or a synchrotron to generate and accelerate protons

Question 64

neutrons

Answer 64

electrically neutral components of an atom

Question 65

neutron beam therapy uses

Answer 65

neutrons to destroy dense tumors

Question 66

equivalent dose EqD

Answer 66

radiation quantity used for radiation protection purposes when a person receives exposure from various types of ionizing radiation attempts to numerically specify the biologic harm produced by different types of radiation

Question 67

equivalent dose enables the calculation or

Answer 67

effective dose

Question 68

what is the unit of equivalent dose

Answer 68

Sievert or REM

Question 69

effective dose EfD

Answer 69

takes into account the equivalent dose and also the fact that our organs have different degrees of radiosensitivity represents the whole body dose

Question 70

damage at the atomic level results in

Answer 70

molecular change which can cause cellular damage

Question 71

if cellular damage is excessive the organism exhibits genetic or self changes for example

Answer 71

mutations cataracts leukemia

Question 72

example of organic damage

Answer 72

changes in blood count may cause decrease in the number of lymphocytes blood system is pretty radiosensitive

Question 73

2 types of sources of radiation

Answer 73

1. natural environmental radiation | 2. man made radiation

Question 74

Total EqD from natural radiation

Answer 74

3.0 mSv or 300 mRem

Question 75

total EqD from manmade radiation

Answer 75

3.3 mSv or 330 mRem

Question 76

Total EqD from both manmade and natural radiation

Answer 76

6.3 mSv or 630 mRem

Question 77

natural sources of radiation include

Answer 77

terrestrial radiation cosmic radiation internally deposited radionuclides

Question 78

manmade sources of radiation include

Answer 78

``` consumer products air travel nuclear fuel nuclear weapons testing nuclear power plant accidents/caused by natural disasters medical radiation ```