Ch 1: Cell Structure And Cell Division

Question 1

What is the most radiosensitive phase in the cell cycle?

Answer 1

G2/ M

Question 2

In general, _____ amino acids = ________ nucleotide codes

Answer 2

1:3

Question 3

These structures contain enzymes responsible for removing waste from a cell

Answer 3

Lysosomes

Question 4

Mutation in oncoproteins often result in ?

Answer 4

Uncontrolled proliferation of cells

Question 5

What happens in G0?

Answer 5

Cells enter this state during stressful periods such as low nutrients or inadequate temperature

Question 6

What happens in G1?

Answer 6

Cells receive the signal to divide

Question 7

What happens in S-phase?

Answer 7

DNA is replicated

Question 8

What happens in G2?

Answer 8

Organelles are replicated

Question 9

T/F If DNA coding is not disrupted then cell mutation will not occur

Answer 9

False

Question 10

C-G bond require _________(more/less/same) energy to break than T-A bonds.

Answer 10

More

Question 11

What are the four bases that make up the backbone of a DNA double helix?

Answer 11

Adenine (A) Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) Guanine (G)

Question 12

The majority of organic compounds within a cell are?

Answer 12

Proteins

Question 13

Radiation therapy targets the ______ of the cell

Answer 13

Nucleus

Question 14

Amino acids are the building blocks of?

Answer 14

Proteins

Question 15

T/F Healthy cells are theoretically more sensitive to radiation than tumor cell

Answer 15

False

Question 16

In the case of breast cancer, the HER2/neu receptor mutation….

Answer 16

Leaves the receptor always on allowing four growth hormone to tell the cells to constantly divide

Question 17

________ allows molecules to enter a cell based on size or particular charge.

Answer 17

Transporter channels

Question 18

_______ provides energy and structure to the cell

Answer 18

Carbohydrates

Question 19

__________ is made up of amino acids, provide structure and function and made of primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures

Answer 19

Proteins

Question 20

________ is double stranded while ______ is single stranded

Answer 20

DNA is double stranded RNA is single stranded

Question 21

T/F DNA and RNA is made up of nucleotides

Answer 21

True

Question 22

_______ provided energy and cell membrane

Answer 22

Lipids

Question 23

What are the 4 organic compounds in the cell and they percent they made up

Answer 23

Protein (15 percent) Carbohydrates (1 percent) Nucleic acid (1 percent) Lipids (2 percent)

Question 24

Example of proteins in the cell

Answer 24

Enzymes Insulin Hemoglobin Alburrin

Question 25

Example of carbohydrate in the cell

Answer 25

Starch Sucrose Lactose

Question 26

Example of nucleic acids

Answer 26

DNA RNA

Question 27

Examples of lipid

Answer 27

Steroids Castor oil Cholesterol

Question 28

What is the primary function of nucleic acids

Answer 28

Role in protein synthesis Direct cellular info and transmit genetic info b/w cells and generations

Question 29

The cell membrane is a lipid \_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 29

Lipid bi-layer

Question 30

The cell can be divided into 2 major sections:

Answer 30

Cytoplasm Nucleus

Question 31

The _______ is the site of all metabolic functions in the cell, including both anabolism and catabolism of organic compounds to provide energy and other requirement for life.

Answer 31

Cytoplasm

Question 32

The main function of the cell membrane is to:

Answer 32

Monitor all exchange b/w intracellular and extra cellular fluids and it's function

Question 33

T/F The Endoplasmic reticulum is double membrane system that has the capability of remodeling itself in response to changes in the intracellular physiological conditions

Answer 33

True

Question 34

What are the 2 types of Endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 34

Smooth ER (agranular) Rough ER (granular)

Question 35

DNA codes for \_\_\_\_\_\_. RNA codes for \_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Screw up the \_\_\_\_\_\_, screw up the \_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 35

DNA codes for RNA RNA codes for proteins Screw up the DNA, screw up the proteins

Question 36

T/F Because DNA repair proteins are non functional in tumors, tumors are more sensitive than normal tissue

Answer 36

True

Question 37

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the powerhouse of the cell, providing energy for cellular function by breaking down nutrients through the process called oxidation

Answer 37

Mitochondria

Question 38

What are the subunits of DNA

Answer 38

Nitrogenous base 5 carbon sugar Phosphoric acid These put together is called a nucleotide. One amino acids has 3 nucleotides

Question 39

The 4 bases of DNA backbone is divided into 2 categories:

Answer 39

Purines (adenine and guanine) Pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine)

Question 40

Purines and pyrimidines can only pair with each other, not with themselves. That means ________ pairs with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. And _______ pairs with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 40

Adenine pairs with thymine (A-T) Guanine pairs with cytosine (G-C)

Question 41

During metaphase, chromosome are lined up in the center and _____ is duplicated

Answer 41

Centromeres is duplicated.

Question 42

During anaphase, the 2 chromatids repel each other and the spindles _______ poles.

Answer 42

Migrate to opposite side of the poles.

Question 43

The base of the DNA bonds with another base because of hydrogen bonds. The base then bond with sugar who then bond with a phosphate on the opposite side. Sugar--base--base--sugar I I Phosphate Phosphate

Answer 43

True

Question 44

T/F During S-phase,DNA doubles

Answer 44

True

Question 45

Each human has _____ chromosomes, _____ from mom and ____ from dad.

Answer 45

46 chromosomes. 23 from mom and 23 from dad

Question 46

First stage of mitosis

Answer 46

Prophase

Question 47

Stages of mitosis

Answer 47

PMAT Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Question 48

refers to the process which builds molecules the body needs; it usually requires energy for completion.

Answer 48

Anabolism

Question 49

refers to the process that breaks down complex molecules into smaller molecules; it usually releases energy for the organism to use.

Answer 49

Catabolism

Question 50

What is the D0 parameter?

Answer 50

D0 is the dose required to reduce the survival fraction to 37% of its previous value.

Question 51

What are the 3 radiobiological models?

Answer 51

Three Radiobiological models: Single-target Single Hit Multi-target Single hit Linear Quadratic