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Radiation biology > Ch 1: Cell Structure And Cell Division > Flashcards

Ch 1: Cell Structure And Cell Division Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the most radiosensitive phase in the cell cycle?

A

G2/ M

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2
Q

In general, _____ amino acids = ________ nucleotide codes

A

1:3

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3
Q

These structures contain enzymes responsible for removing waste from a cell

A

Lysosomes

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4
Q

Mutation in oncoproteins often result in ?

A

Uncontrolled proliferation of cells

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5
Q

What happens in G0?

A

Cells enter this state during stressful periods such as low nutrients or inadequate temperature

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6
Q

What happens in G1?

A

Cells receive the signal to divide

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7
Q

What happens in S-phase?

A

DNA is replicated

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8
Q

What happens in G2?

A

Organelles are replicated

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9
Q

T/F If DNA coding is not disrupted then cell mutation will not occur

A

False

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10
Q

C-G bond require _________(more/less/same) energy to break than T-A bonds.

A

More

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11
Q

What are the four bases that make up the backbone of a DNA double helix?

A

Adenine (A) Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) Guanine (G)

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12
Q

The majority of organic compounds within a cell are?

A

Proteins

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13
Q

Radiation therapy targets the ______ of the cell

A

Nucleus

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14
Q

Amino acids are the building blocks of?

A

Proteins

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15
Q

T/F Healthy cells are theoretically more sensitive to radiation than tumor cell

A

False

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16
Q

In the case of breast cancer, the HER2/neu receptor mutation….

A

Leaves the receptor always on allowing four growth hormone to tell the cells to constantly divide

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17
Q

________ allows molecules to enter a cell based on size or particular charge.

A

Transporter channels

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18
Q

_______ provides energy and structure to the cell

A

Carbohydrates

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19
Q

__________ is made up of amino acids, provide structure and function and made of primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures

A

Proteins

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20
Q

________ is double stranded while ______ is single stranded

A

DNA is double stranded RNA is single stranded

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21
Q

T/F DNA and RNA is made up of nucleotides

A

True

22
Q

_______ provided energy and cell membrane

A

Lipids

23
Q

What are the 4 organic compounds in the cell and they percent they made up

A

Protein (15 percent) Carbohydrates (1 percent) Nucleic acid (1 percent) Lipids (2 percent)

24
Q

Example of proteins in the cell

A

Enzymes Insulin Hemoglobin Alburrin

25
Q

Example of carbohydrate in the cell

A

Starch Sucrose Lactose

26
Q

Example of nucleic acids

A

DNA RNA

27
Q

Examples of lipid

A

Steroids Castor oil Cholesterol

28
Q

What is the primary function of nucleic acids

A

Role in protein synthesis Direct cellular info and transmit genetic info b/w cells and generations

29
Q

The cell membrane is a lipid ______

A

Lipid bi-layer

30
Q

The cell can be divided into 2 major sections:

A

Cytoplasm Nucleus

31
Q

The _______ is the site of all metabolic functions in the cell, including both anabolism and catabolism of organic compounds to provide energy and other requirement for life.

A

Cytoplasm

32
Q

The main function of the cell membrane is to:

A

Monitor all exchange b/w intracellular and extra cellular fluids and it’s function

33
Q

T/F The Endoplasmic reticulum is double membrane system that has the capability of remodeling itself in response to changes in the intracellular physiological conditions

A

True

34
Q

What are the 2 types of Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Smooth ER (agranular) Rough ER (granular)

35
Q

DNA codes for ______. RNA codes for _______. Screw up the ______, screw up the ______.

A

DNA codes for RNA RNA codes for proteins Screw up the DNA, screw up the proteins

36
Q

T/F Because DNA repair proteins are non functional in tumors, tumors are more sensitive than normal tissue

A

True

37
Q

_______ is the powerhouse of the cell, providing energy for cellular function by breaking down nutrients through the process called oxidation

A

Mitochondria

38
Q

What are the subunits of DNA

A

Nitrogenous base 5 carbon sugar Phosphoric acid These put together is called a nucleotide. One amino acids has 3 nucleotides

39
Q

The 4 bases of DNA backbone is divided into 2 categories:

A

Purines (adenine and guanine) Pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine)

40
Q

Purines and pyrimidines can only pair with each other, not with themselves. That means ________ pairs with ________. And _______ pairs with _______.

A

Adenine pairs with thymine (A-T) Guanine pairs with cytosine (G-C)

41
Q

During metaphase, chromosome are lined up in the center and _____ is duplicated

A

Centromeres is duplicated.

42
Q

During anaphase, the 2 chromatids repel each other and the spindles _______ poles.

A

Migrate to opposite side of the poles.

43
Q

The base of the DNA bonds with another base because of hydrogen bonds. The base then bond with sugar who then bond with a phosphate on the opposite side. Sugar–base–base–sugar I I Phosphate Phosphate

A

True

44
Q

T/F During S-phase,DNA doubles

A

True

45
Q

Each human has _____ chromosomes, _____ from mom and ____ from dad.

A

46 chromosomes. 23 from mom and 23 from dad

46
Q

First stage of mitosis

A

Prophase

47
Q

Stages of mitosis

A

PMAT Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

48
Q

refers to the process which builds molecules the body needs; it usually requires energy for completion.

A

Anabolism

49
Q

refers to the process that breaks down complex molecules into smaller molecules; it usually releases energy for the organism to use.

A

Catabolism

50
Q

What is the D0 parameter?

A

D0 is the dose required to reduce the survival fraction to 37% of its previous value.

51
Q

What are the 3 radiobiological models?

A

Three Radiobiological models:

Single-target Single Hit

Multi-target Single hit

Linear Quadratic

Radiation biology (19 decks)

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