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x-ray > radiation protection > Flashcards

radiation protection Flashcards

1
Q

ionizing radiation

A

cosmic, gamma rays, x-rays, ultra voilet rays

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2
Q

non ionizing radiation

A

visible light, infrared, micro waves, radio waves

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3
Q

skin erythema dose

A

1900-1930 first unit used to measure radiation exposure

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4
Q

erythema

A

redness of the skin, irradiated area that had become inflamed

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5
Q

roengten / coulombs/kg

A

was accepted as the first unit of measure for exposure but was not adequately defined ; measures ionization occurring in the air ; coulombs/kg or air in SI units

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6
Q

rad / gray

A

radiation absorbed dose ; primarily used for patient dose 1 rad = .01 gray

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7
Q

rem / sivert

A

radiation equivalent man ; primarily used for radiation protection purposes ; film badges for radiation workers ; measure biological effects from radiation ; 1 rem = .01sv ; 1 rem = 10 mSv

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8
Q

occupational dose

A

5 rem or 50 msg of whole body effective dose per year

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9
Q

whole body dose

A

refers to the head, neck (thyroid), trunk, gonads

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10
Q

occupational cumulative dose

A

the lifetime effective dose limit for an occupationally exposed worker 1 rem or 10 msg times the years of age regardless of how many years that worker has been employed in field

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11
Q

occupational dose

A

dose received by any individual in the course of employment

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12
Q

pregnant technology exposure

A

0.05 rem, 50 mrem, or 0.5 msv, for any one month ; 0.5 rem, 500 rem or 5.0 msg for entire duration of pregnancy

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13
Q

general public exposure

A

0.1 rem ot 1 msv

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14
Q

personnel monitoring equipment

A

devices worn or carried by the individual for the purpose of measuring the dose equivalent received by that individual ; worn only on the job

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15
Q

personnel monitoring devices

A

film badges, TLD, OSL

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16
Q

film badges

A

a packaged film within a holder with a variety of filters ; sensitive to exposure equivalent doses as low as 10 milliards up to a high as 700 rads ; needs to be changed and read every month

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17
Q

TLD

A

thermoluminescent dosimeter ; common material used inside is lithium fluoride ; once the TLD has been read it cannot be read again ; can be changed and read every 3 months(may be changed every month)

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18
Q

OSL

A

optically stimulated luminescent dosimeter ; uses aluminum oxide crystals ; can bet read up to one year before reading

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19
Q

collimation

A

limiting the field size to the area of clinical interest only ; must be within +/- 2% of the SID used during an x-ray exposure

20
Q

A.L.A.R.A.

A

as low as reasonably achievable ; close collimation, filtration of the primary beam, optimum kV techniques, high speed film/screen combinations, minimum repeat exams

21
Q

entrance skin exposure (ESE)

A

patient dose in radiography is usually calculated according to the exposure level at the skin

22
Q

law of bergonie and tribindeau

A

degree of sensitivity depends on - age of cell, differentiation or complexity of cell, metabolic rate or how much energy the cell uses, biotic rate or how quickly the cell produces

23
Q

long term / latent

A

may not be observed for as long as 30 years ; greatest percentage occurs between 10 and 15 years ; effects are unpredictable ; severity of effects are unrelated to dose

24
Q

somatic

A

occurring within the exposed individual

25
Q

genetic

A

occurring within the children or grandchildren of the exposed individual

26
Q

gonad shielding

A

prevents genetic effects from radiation, it used primarily with patients younger than age 55, must be 0.5 mm lead equivalent, is used when gonads are within 5cm of the margin of the radiation field, also used on all females of reproductive age ; shield should not obscure desired anatomy

27
Q

personnel shielding

A

gloves - 0.25mm lead equ ; aprons - 0.5mm lead equ ;

28
Q

what is the radiographic table made of

A

carbon fiber material

29
Q

what is the name of the common collimator

A

light - localizing variable aperture rectangular collimators

30
Q

who was the first american radiation worker to die from radiation induced cancer in October 1904

A

clarence madison dally

31
Q

terrestrial radiation includes which of the following sources

A

long lived radioactive elements, such as uranium, radium and thorium that are present in variable quantities in the crust of the earth

32
Q

cosmic radiation occurs in which two forms

A

solar and galactic

33
Q

the first decay of radium is

A

radon

34
Q

which of the following devices contains aluminum oxide detector

A

OSL dosimeter

35
Q

stochastic effect

A

results of radiation exposure for which no threshold dose of radiation exists

36
Q

non stochastic effect

A

characterized by a threshold dose below which they do not occur

37
Q

non threshold dose

A

any amount of radiation may produce biological damages

38
Q

threshold dose

A

the minimum dose of ionizing radiation , that will produce a detectable degree of any given effect

39
Q

linear

A

an observed response is directly proportional to the dose

40
Q

non linear

A

an observed response is not directly proportional to the dose

41
Q

radio resistant cells

A

bone, liver, kidney, cartilage, muscle, nervous, tissue

42
Q

radio sensitive cells

A

germinal cells, lymphoid tissue, basal cells, hematopoietic tissues, epithelium of the GI tract

43
Q

primary barrier

A

located perpendicular to the line of travel, consist of 1/16 inch lead

44
Q

secondary barrier

A

deflected from the primary beam, 1/32 inch lead

45
Q

wall over lap of barrier

A

1/2 inch lead

46
Q

lead glass window

A

1.5 mm lead eq

x-ray (8 decks)

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