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physics Flashcards

1
Q

matter

A

anything that occupies space and has shape or form

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2
Q

mass

A

the quantity of matter that makes up any physical object

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3
Q

law of conservation

A

matter can neither be destroyed or created but can change form

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4
Q

all matter is made up of building blocks called

A

atoms

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5
Q

what are the three fundamental components of an atom

A

neutrons, electrons, protons

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6
Q

what kind of charge does a proton have

A

positive

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7
Q

what kind of charge does a neutron have

A

no charge ; neutral

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8
Q

what kind of charge does a electron have

A

negative

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9
Q

what makes up the nucleus of the atom

A

neutrons and protons

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10
Q

true or false : do electrons orbit around the atom

A

true

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11
Q

def energy

A

the ability to do work

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12
Q

potential energy

A

stored energy

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13
Q

kinetic energy

A

energy in motion

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14
Q

wavelength

A

distance is from crest to crest

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15
Q

amplitude

A

distance from crest to trough

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16
Q

frequency

A

the number of crests or troughs that pass a fixed point during a unit of time

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17
Q

what are some characteristics

A

have no mass, are highly penetrating and invisible, are electrically neutral, are poly energetic and heterogeneous, travel is straight lines at the speed of light, can ionize matter, cannot be focused with a lens, produce biological changes in tissues, produce secondary and scatter radiation

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18
Q

resistance

A

any property in the circuit that hinders the flow of current ; the ohm is the unit of electrical resistance ; material of conductor, length of conductor, diameter of conductor

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19
Q

current

A

the quantity of electrons flowing in a circuit ; ampere is the unit used to measure the rate

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20
Q

potential difference

A

is the force or speed of the electron flow in the current ; volt is the unit used to measure potential difference

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21
Q

parallel circuit

A

each component has its own direct path to both the negative and positive sides of the circuit

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22
Q

series circuit

A

the path of electrons from negative to the positive side goes through all the electrical components of the circuit

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23
Q

circuit breaker

A

any electrical device that will prevent equipment damage if the current gets too high by cutting off the electrical supply to the circuit

24
Q

preset timers electric timers

A

impulse precise to the millisecond, used to rapid film production

25
Q

preset timers electronic timer

A

used to control add terminate time when the correct mAs has been reached

26
Q

electromagnetic induction

A

magnetic fields and electric energy are interrelated ; electricity is produced when a magnet is moved around a conductor or a conductor is moved around a magnet.

27
Q

AC can be converted so that is flows none direction only, through a process called

A

rectification

28
Q

true or false : magnetic fields can produce electricity

A

true

29
Q

true or false : electric currents create magnetic fields

A

true

30
Q

step up transformer

A

has more windings on the secondary side ; used to increase the volts to kilovolts

31
Q

step down transformer

A

has fewer windings on the secondary side ; used to reduce the voltage

32
Q

what are the 4 things you need to produce x-rays

A

vacuum, source of electrons, target, high potential difference

33
Q

anode

A

positive end of the tube, the target is located at the anode

34
Q

cathode

A

negative end of tube, the filament is part of the cathode

35
Q

pyrex tube

A

has has the air removed so that it is nearly perfect vacuum

36
Q

thermionic emission

A

as the tungsten filament is heated. electrons in the tungsten atoms orbits spin faster, moving farther away from the nucleus. electrons in outer orbits are flung out of the atoms, forming an electron cloud or space charge ;
this space charge provides the electron source for the x-ray production

37
Q

quantity

A

mAs = controls the number of electrons produced = blackening on the film

38
Q

quality

A

kilovoltage = force applied to move electrons across tube from cathode to anode

39
Q

the energy of the electron stream is converted at the anode into heat, how much is converted into heat and into x-rays

A

99% becomes heat ; 1% becomes x-rays

40
Q

bremsstrahlung radiation

A

is created when an incoming electron slows down suddenly near the nucleus of the tungsten atom and abruptly changes direction ; the energy created by slowing down and changing direction results in the creation of an x-ray beam

41
Q

below 70 kvp what percent is brems interaction

A

100%

42
Q

above 70 kV what percent is brems interaction

A

85%

43
Q

characteristic radiation

A

an incoming electron removes an inner orbital electron from the tungsten atom, creating a hole in the k-shell ; when an outer shell electron drops to the fill the hole a characteristics photon is emitted

44
Q

below 70 kV what percent is characteristics radiation

A

0%

45
Q

above 70 kV what percent is characteristic radiation

A

15%

46
Q

what are the two types of anodes

A

stationary, rotating

47
Q

how fast can a rotating anode spin

A

standard speed - 3,6000 RPM

high speed - 10,000 RPM

48
Q

what is the most common target angle

A

12 degrees

49
Q

line focus principle

A

effective focal spot is the vertical projection of the actual or true focal spot

50
Q

anode heel effect

A

the intensity of the x-ray beam is least towards the anode end of the field and greater towards the cathode

51
Q

low kV

A

high contrast

52
Q

high kV

A

low contrast

53
Q

mA

A

measures the number of electrons across the tube each second ; the number of electrons in the space charge is controlled by the mA

54
Q

filtration

A

placed in the housing of the tube to further reduce the longer, waker wavelength radiation. removes unwanted soft x-rays

55
Q

what is the required minimum filtration for a machine that runs above 70 kV

A

2.5 al eq

56
Q

inherent filtration

A

glass tube and oil 0.5mm

x-ray (8 decks)

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