Rad Protection II Ch 12

Question 1

know the best way to substantially reduce patient exposure

Answer 1

using proper body or part immobilization, motion reduction technique, appropriate beam limitation device, adequate filtration of the x-ray beam, and gonadal or other specific area shielding

Question 2

know the difference between voluntary and involuntary motion

Answer 2

voluntary motion is controlled by will. involuntary motion cannot be willfully controlled caused by a certain muscle groups such as digestive organs and heart, or certain pathologic conditions

Question 3

define protective shielding

Answer 3

a structure or device made of certain materials such as concrete, lead, or lead impregnated material that will adequately attenuate ionizing radiation

Question 4

know when you should use gonadal shielding

Answer 4

used whenever possible unless it will compromise the diagnostic value of the exam

Question 5

know the type of measure gonadal shielding is considered

Answer 5

secondary protective measure- not a substitute for an adequately collimated beam

Question 6

know the first step in gonadal shielding

Answer 6

adequate collimation of the radiographic beam to only include the anatomy of interest

Question 7

know who receives the most radiation to reproductive organs (and give the amount) during a pelvic exam

Answer 7

females receive 3x more

Question 8

know the benefits of using a flat contact shield on the ovaries of a female patient

Answer 8

reduces exposure by 50%

Question 9

know the benefits of using a flat contact shield on the gonads of male patients

Answer 9

reduced as much as 90-95%

Question 10

know how to guide placement of a flat contact shield on a male patient

Answer 10

have male in supine position, use the symphysis as a guide to shield placement over testes

Question 11

know where to place a flat contact shield on a female patient so it is effective

Answer 11

approximately 1” medial to each palpable ASIS

Question 12

know the 4 basic types of gonadal shielding

Answer 12

• flat contact shields
• shadow shields
• shaped contact shields
• clear lead shields

Question 13

know what the most effective protective device is when doing AP/PA radiographs

Answer 13

flat contact shields

Question 14

know where a shadow shield must be located

Answer 14

suspended above the radiographic beam hangs over the area of clinical interest to cast a shadow in the primary beam over the patients reproductive organs

Question 15

know how a shadow shield works

Answer 15

cast a shadow in the primary beam over the patients reproductive organs

Question 16

what are shadow shields commonly used to shield specifically

Answer 16

breasts and gonads

Question 17

describe a shaped contact shield

Answer 17

made of radiopaque materials contoured to enclose male reproductive organs, 1mm lead

Question 18

know what clear lead shields are made of

Answer 18

transparent lead-plastic material impregnated with approximately 30% lead by weight

Question 19

know what type of technique produces the lowest patient dose

Answer 19

high kVp and lower mAs

Question 20

know what the air gap technique is

Answer 20

an alternative procedure to the use of a radiographic grid by reducing scatter radiation during certain exams(XL c-spine)–removes scatter radiation by using an increased OID

Question 21

know what the air gap technique doesnt produce a bunch of scatter radiation on the IR

Answer 21

because of the increased distance between the anatomy and the IR

Question 22

know the benefit of a repeat analysis

Answer 22

1. the program increases awareness among staff and student radiographers of the need to produce optimal quality recorded images
2. radiographers generally become more careful in producing their radiographic images because they are aware that the images are being reviewed.
3. when repeat analysis program identifies problems or concerns, in-service education programs covering these specific topics may be designed for imaging

Question 23

know the categories for discarded images

Answer 23

1. images too dark or too light (technical factors)
2. incorrect patient positioning
3. incorrect centering of beam
4. patient motion
5. improper collimation
6. external foreign bodies
7. processing artifacts

Question 24

know the 4 ways to record patient dose

Answer 24

• entrance skin exposure
• skin dose
• gonadal dose
• bone marrow dose

Question 25

know what device is most often used to measure skin dose

Answer 25

TLD

Question 26

define skin dose

Answer 26

the absorbed dose to the most superficial layers of the skin

Question 27

define genetically significant dose (GSD)

Answer 27

the EqD to the reproductive organs that, if received by every human, would be expected to bring about an identical gross genetic injury to the total population

Question 28

know who GSD generally applies to

Answer 28

child bearing ages

Question 29

know why bone marrow dose is so important

Answer 29

radiation dose to bone marrow may be responsible for radiation-induced leukemia

Question 30

know what you must ask all female patients of child bearing years before you do any exam

Answer 30

any chance of pregnancy and date of last menstrual period

Question 31

know when a shield is also recommended for these patients

Answer 31

if ovaries and uterus are less than 5 cm from any edge of field

Question 32

know the type of affects children are more vulnerable to

Answer 32

late somatic effects and genetic effects

Question 33

know the proper way to use automatic collimation in pediatrics

Answer 33

AC reduces radiation field size to IR sixe but further manual adjustments of collimation are of often necessary since peds are significantly smaller

Question 34

be able to describe the 10 day rule

Answer 34

based on the low degree of probability that a woman would be pregnant during the first 10 days after the onset of menstruation