Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Radiography Spring 2016 > Image Analysis Final (central rays) > Flashcards

Image Analysis Final (central rays) Flashcards

1
Q

CR: Digits 2-5

A

perpendicular to PIP joint of affected digit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

CR thumb/first digit:

A

perpendicular to MCP joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

CR for PA and oblique hand:

A

perpendicular to the 3rd MCP joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

CR for lateral hand:

A

perpendicular to the 2nd MCP joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

CR for wrist

A

perpendicular to midcarpal area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is best demonstrated on a PA oblique wrist:

A

trapezium and distal half of scaphoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is best demonstrated on AP oblique wrist?

A

pisiform

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

CR for AP and Lateral forearm:

A

perpendicular to the midpoint of the forearm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

why is AP forearm is done over PA?

A

pronation of hand crosses radius over ulna at the proximal third and rotates the humerus medially creating an oblique – AP keeps them separated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

CR for AP elbow?

A

perpendicular to elbow joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is best demonstrated on the lateral elbow?

A

olecranon process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

CR for AP medial oblique elbow:

A

perpendicular to elbow joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is best demonstrated on AP Medial oblique elbow?

A

coronoid process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

CR for AP Lateral Oblique elbow:

A

perpendicular to elbow joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is best demonstrated on AP Lateral Oblique Elbow?

A

radial head and neck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

CR AP and Lateral humerus:

A

perpendicular to the mid-portion of the humerus and the center of the IR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

CR for AP External SHoulder:

A

perpendicular 1 inch inferior to coracoid process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Hand placement for AP External shoulder?

A

supinate the hand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is best demonstrated on the AP external shoulder?

A

greater tubercle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

CR for AP internal shoulder:

A

perpendicular 1 inch inferior to coracoid process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

hand placement for AP internal shoulder

A

back of hand on hip

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what’s best demonstrated on an AP internal shoulder?

A

lesser tubercle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

CR for Transthoracic Lateral Shoulder

A

perpendicular to the IR entering the MCP at the level of the surgical neck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Placement of affected arm in a Transthoracic Lateral Shoulder

A

By side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Placement of unaffected arm in a Transthoracic Lateral Shoulder

A

Raise it and rest forearm on head and elevate shoulders as much as possible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

CR for Axillary Shoulder (Inferosuperior)

A

horizontally through the axilla to the region of AC articulation – medial angulation of CR depends on degree of abduction of arm (15-30)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the lesser tubercle placement in Axillary Shoulder(inferosuperior)

A

in profile and directed anteriorly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

CR for bilateral AP AC joints:

A

perpendicular to the midline of the body at the level of the AC joints for a single projection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

CR for AP Axial AC joints:

A

Directed to the coracoid process at a cephalic angle of 15 degrees

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

CR for AP Clavicle:

A

perpendicular to midshaft of the clavicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

CR for AP Axial Clavicle:

A

15 degrees cephalic enter the midshaft of the clavicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the purpose of angulation for AP Axial Clavicle?

A

To project the clavicle off the scapula and ribs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

CR for AP scapula

A

perpendicular to mid-scapular area at a point approximately 2 inches inferior to the coracoid process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Where is the affected arm placed for a AP scapula?

A

Abduct the arm to a right angle with body, flex the elbow, and support the hand in a comfortable position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

CR for lateral scapula:

A

perpendicular to the mid-medial border of the protruding scapula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What makes up the “Y” in the lateral scapula?

A

Acromion, coracoid process, and body of scapula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

CR for AP Axial Toes

A

15 degrees posteriorly through 3rd MTP joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

CR for AP oblique Toes:

A

Perpendicular and entering the third MTP joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

CR for Lateral Toes:

A

entering IP joint for great toe or proximal IP joint for lesser toes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

CR for AP or AP Axial Foot

A

10 degrees toward the heel entering the base of 3rd metatarsal
or
entering base of third metatarsal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

CR for lateral foot

A

perpendicular to the base of third metatarsal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

CR for AP medial Oblique Foot

A

base of third metatarsal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Degree of obliquity for AP Medial Oblique Foot

A

30 degrees

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

AP Medial Oblique Foot critique for correct rotation

A

if more than 30 degrees the lateral cuneiform tends to be thrown over other cuneiforms – cuboid in profile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

CR for Axial Calcaneus

A

cephalic angle of 40 degrees to the long axis of the foot entering the base of the third metatarsal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

CR for lateral calcaneus

A

1 inch distal to medial malleolus – subtalar joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

CR AP ankle

A

perpendicular through the ankle joint at a point midway between the malleoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

CR Lateral Ankle:

A

perpendicular to the ankle joint entering the medial malleolus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

CR for AP medial oblique ankle:

A

perpendicular to the ankle joint entering midway between malleoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

AP medial oblique ankle critique to check rotation

A

distal ends of the tibia and fibula shown and tibiofibular articulation should be shown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

CR AP and Lateral Lower Leg

A

perpendicular to the center of the leg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

CR AP knee

A

5 degrees cephalic 1/2 inch inferior to the patellar apex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

CR Lateral Knee

A

5-7 cephalic 1 inch distal to medial epicondyle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

CR AP medial oblique knee

A

1/2 inch inferior to the patellar apex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Patient position for intercondylar fossa (camp Coventry)

A

prone – patient knee to a 40-50 degree angle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

CR of intercondylar fossa (camp Coventry)

A

perpendicular to the long axis of the lower leg and centered to the knee joint – angle 40 degrees when knee is 40 degrees

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

CR for tangential patella (settegast method)

A

perpendicular to the joint space between the patella and the removal condyles when the joint is perpendicular – angle 15-20 degrees

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

CR for AP Femur

A

perpendicular to the mid-femur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

what is the purpose of rotating limb internally 15-20 degrees on a AP Femur?

A

places femoral neck in profile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

CR for lateral femur

A

perpendicular to the mid-femur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

CR for AP Pelvis:

A

2 inches inferior to ASIS and 2 inches superior to pubic symphysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

how to check for proper lower limb rotation in AP pelvis?

A

if femoral necks parallel with plane of image receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

CR for AP Hip:

A

perpendicular to femoral neck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

AP Hip, hip localization technique:

A

left thumb on ASIS, second finger is on superior margin of pubic symphysis. CR is positioned 1.5 inches distal to center of line drawn between ASIS and pubic symphysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

CR for lateral frog hip

A

perpendicular through the hip joint (midway between ASIS and pubic symphysis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Greater tubercle position in lateral frog hip

A

greater trochanter overlaps femoral neck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

CR Axiolateral Hip

A

perpendicular to long axis of the femoral neck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Relationship of femoral neck and IR in Axiolateral Hip

A

parallel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

CR AP open mouth

A

perpendicular to center of IR and entering the midpoint of open mouth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Position of mouth for AP Open Mouth

A

open mouth as wide as possible, adjust head so that a line from the low edge of the upper incisors to the tip of the mastoid process is perpendicular to IR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

AP Open Mouth SID and why:

A

30 inch to increase the field of view of the odontoid area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

AP Axial Cervical CR

A

15-20 degrees cephalic through C4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

which vertebra must be see on AP Axial Cervical

A

C3-T2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

what is demonstrated on the AP Axial Cervical

A

the lower 5 cervical bodies, upper 2 or 3 thoracic bodies, the interpediculate spaces, the superimposed transverse and articular processes and the intervertebral disk spaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

CR lateral cervical

A

horizontal and perpendicular to C4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

SID for lateral cervical and why

A

60-72” increased object to IR distance to show C7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

what is best demonstrated on lateral cervical

A

spinous processes and cervical bodies and interspaces, open zygapophyseal joints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

CR posterior oblique cervical

A

C4 at a cephalic angle of 15-20 degrees

79
Q

marker placement for posterior oblique cervical

A

mark down side – opposite from what is demonstrated

80
Q

best demonstrated on posterior oblique cervical

A

intervertebral foramina and pedicles farthest from the IR an oblique projection of bodies

81
Q

CR for anterior oblique cervical

A

C4 at an angle of 15-20 degrees caudal

82
Q

marker placement on Anterior Oblique Cervical

A

mark down side – same side of what’s demonstrated

83
Q

what’s best demonstrated on anterior oblique cervical

A

intervertebral foramina and pedicles closest to the IR and an oblique projection of the bodies

84
Q

CR AP thoracic

A

halfway between the jugular notch and xiphoid process (T7)

85
Q

Respiration for AP thoracic

A

suspend at end of full expiration

86
Q

CR for lateral thoracic

A

perpendicular to level of T7

87
Q

lateral thoracic respiration

A

breathing technique

88
Q

best demonstrated on lateral thoracic

A

lateral projection of thoracic bodies, interspaces, intervertebral foramina, and lower spinous processes

89
Q

which thoracic vertebra are visualized on lateral thoracic spine and why?

A

lower 9 because T1-T3 are superimposed by shoulders

90
Q

CR swimmers

A

caudal 3-5 degrees direct to C7-T1 interspace

91
Q

swimmers respiration

A

suspend, breathing technique

92
Q

CR AP lumbar spine

A

perpendicular to IR at level of iliac crests

93
Q

best demonstrated on AP lumbar

A

lumbar bodies intervertebral disk spaces, interpediculate spaces, laminae, and spinous and transverse processes

94
Q

CR lateral lumbar

A

perpendicular to level of the crest enters MCP

95
Q

best demonstrated on lateral lumbar

A

lumbar bodies and their interspaces, the spinous processes, and the lumbosacral junction

96
Q

CR posterior oblique lumbar

A

2 inches medial to elevate ASIS and 1 1/2 inches above iliac crest

97
Q

best demonstrated on posterior oblique lumbar

A

oblique projection of the lumbar or lumbosacral spine or both showing the articular process on the side closest to the IR

98
Q

Scotty dog ear

A

superior articular process

99
Q

scotty dog eye

A

pedicle

100
Q

scotty dog neck/collar

A

pars interarticularis

101
Q

scotty dog nose

A

transverse process

102
Q

scotty dog front leg

A

inferior articular process

103
Q

CR L5-S1 Spot

A

5-8 caudal center on coronal plane 2 inch posterior to ASIS and 1 1/2 inches inferior to iliac crest

104
Q

CR AP Sacrum

A

15 cephalic at 2 inches superior to pubic symphysis

105
Q

CR AP coccyx

A

10 caudal 2 inches superior to pubic symphysis

106
Q

CR lateral sacrum and coccyx

A

perpendicular and directed to level of ASIS and to a point 3 1/2 inches posterior

107
Q

Lateral Sacrum and Coccyx IR placement

A

top of film at crests

108
Q

CR AP Axial SI joints

A

30-35 cephalic enters 1 1/2 inches superior to pubic symphysis on MSP

109
Q

CR posterior oblique SI joint:

A

perpendicular entering 1 inch medial to elevated ASIS

110
Q

Degree of obliquity of posterior oblique SI joint

A

25-30

111
Q

which SI joint is demonstrated on the posterior oblique SI joint?

A

upside

112
Q

CR for AP and Lateral Esophagus

A

IR is at the level of the mouth – level of T5-T6

113
Q

CR RAO Esophagus

A

Top of IR is at the level of mouth (level of T5-T6)

114
Q

degree of obliquity for RAO esophagus:

A

35-40 degrees

115
Q

Purpose of obliquing patient for RAO esophagus

A

places esophagus between the vertebra and the heart

116
Q

CR for PA UGI

A

1-2 inch above the lower rib margin at the level of L1-L2

117
Q

where contrast will be on a double-contrast study for PA UGI?

A

body, duodenal bulb, and pylorus

118
Q

CR RAO UGI:

A

1-2 inches above lower rib margin level of L1-L2

119
Q

Degree of obliquity RAO UGI:

A

40-70 degrees

120
Q

what is demonstrated to RAO UGI:

A

stomach, duodenal bulb, duodenal loop, pyloric canal

121
Q

CR lateral UGI

A

level of L1-2 for recumbent (1-2 inches above lower rib margin) level of L3 for upright

122
Q

CR AP UGI

A

level midway between the xiphoid process and lower rib margin

123
Q

in AP UGI where barium will be on double-contrast study

A

fundus

124
Q

CR for PA BE

A

enter the midline of the body at the level of the iliac crests

125
Q

where is barium situated in colon in PA BE?

A

transverse colon

126
Q

CR PA Axial Sigmoid BE

A

30-40 caudal to enter midline of body at the lvel of ASIS

127
Q

best demonstrated on PA Axial Sigmoid BE

A

rectrosigmoid area of colon

128
Q

CR PA Oblique RAO BE

A

1-2 inches lateral to midline of the body on the elevate side at level of iliac crest

129
Q

degree of obliquity for PA Oblique (RAO) BE

A

35-45

130
Q

best demonstrated PA Oblique (RAO) BE

A

right colic flexure, ascending colon, and the sigmoid colon

131
Q

CR PA oblique (LAO) BE

A

perpendicular to IR and entering approximately 1-2 inches lateral to midline of the body on the elevated side at the level of iliac crest

132
Q

degree of obliquity for PA oblique (LAO) BE

A

35-45

133
Q

Best demonstrated on PA oblique LAO BE

A

left colic flexure and the descending portion of the colon

134
Q

CR left lateral rectum

A

enter MCP at level of ASIS

135
Q

best demonstrated on left lateral rectum

A

rectum and distal sigmoid portion

136
Q

CR AP BE

A

enter midline of body at the level of iliac crest

137
Q

where barium lies on double-contrast AP BE

A

flexures

138
Q

CR AP Axial Sigmoid BE

A

30-40 cephalic enter midline of body approximately 2 inches below ASIS

139
Q

best demonstrated AP Axial Sigmoid BE

A

rectrosigmoid area of colon

140
Q

CR Right lateral decubitus BE

A

horizontal and perpendicular to enter the midline of the body at the level of the iliac crests

141
Q

best demonstrated on right lateral decubitus BE

A

“UP” medial side of the ascending colon and lateral side of descending colon when colon is inflated with air

142
Q

CR left lateral decubitus BE

A

horizontal and perpendicular to the IR to enter the midline of the body at the level of iliac crests

143
Q

best demonstrated on left lateral decubitus BE

A

“up” lateral side of the ascending colon and the medial side of the descending colon when the colon is inflated with air

144
Q

CR cross table lateral (ventral decub) BE

A

horizontal and perpendicular to the IR to enter MCP of the body at the level of the iliac crests

145
Q

bets demonstrated cross table lateral (ventral decub) BE

A

“up” posterior portions of colon

– only on double contrast

146
Q

CR PA Skull

A

exit nasion

147
Q

PA Skull best demonstrates

A

frontal bone

148
Q

PA Skull OML

A

perpendicular

149
Q

PA Skull petrous ridges

A

filling the orbits

150
Q

CR PA Axial Skull (Caldwell)

A

15 degree caudal exit nasion

151
Q

PA Axial Skull (Caldwell) best demonstrated

A

frontal bone

152
Q

PA Axial Skull Caldwell OML

A

perpendicular

153
Q

PA Axial Skull Caldwell Petrous Ridges

A

lower third of orbit

154
Q

CR lateral skull

A

perpendicular entering 2 inches superior to EAM

155
Q

in lateral skull which lines are parallel with long axis of IR

A

IOML and MSP

156
Q

Lateral Skull IPL

A

perpendicular

157
Q

CR AP Axial Skull(Townes)

A

Directed through the foramen magnum at a caudal angle of 30 degrees to OML or 37 degrees to IOML. Enters approximately 2 1/2 inches above the glabella and passes through the level of the EAM

158
Q

AP Axial Skull Townes best demonstrates

A

occipital bone

159
Q

CR lateral facial bones

A

halfway between the outer canthus and EAM

160
Q

What facial bones are demonstrated on lateral facial bones

A

All facial bones

161
Q

CR for Parietoacanthial (waters)

A

perpendicular to exit acanthion

162
Q

Parietoacanthial Waters OML

A

37 degree angle

163
Q

Parietoacanthial Waters which line is perpendicular to IR

A

MML and MSP

164
Q

CR lateral nasal bones

A

perpendicular to the bridge of the nose at a point 1/2 inch distal to nasion

165
Q

which side is demonstrated on lateral nasal bones

A

side nearest film

166
Q

lateral nasal bones done TT or bucky

A

TT

167
Q

CR SMV for zygomatic arches

A

perpendicular to the IOML and entering MSP of throat approximately 1 inch posterior to outer canthus

168
Q

SMV for zygomatic arches IOML

A

parallel

169
Q

SMV for zygomatic arches MSP

A

perpendicular

170
Q

CR Lateral Sinuses

A

horizontal entering the patient’s head 1/2 to 1 inch posterior to outer canthus

171
Q

Lateral sinus IPL

A

perpendicular to IR

172
Q

Lateral Sinus MSP

A

parallel to IR

173
Q

Lateral Sinus IOML

A

parallel to transverse plane of IR

174
Q

What sinuses are demonstrated on Lateral Sinuses

A

all

175
Q

what sinuses are demonstrated on Caldwell Sinuses?

A

frontal, sphenoid, maxillary

176
Q

what sinus I best demonstrated in Caldwell sinuses?

A

frontal

177
Q

location of petrous ridges in waters sinuses?

A

below the floor of the maxillary sinus

178
Q

sinuses demonstrated in waters sinus

A

maxillary sinus, ethmoid sinus, frontal

179
Q

which sinus is best demonstrated in waters sinus?

A

maxillary sinus

180
Q

CR for PA mandible

A

perpendicular to exit acanthion

181
Q

in PA mandible what is in contact with the grid

A

patients forehead and nose

182
Q

CR PA Axial Mandible

A

20-25 cephalic exits acanthion

183
Q

CR Axiolateral Oblique Mandible

A

20-25 cephalic enters approximately 2” distal gonion of upside

184
Q

chin placement of axiolateral oblique mandible

A

extend until body is parallel with IR plane

185
Q

CR AP Axial TMJ

A

35 caudal midway between TMJs entering a point 3 inches above nasion

186
Q

What 2 exposures are made for AP axial TMJ

A

open and closed mouth

187
Q

Axiolateral TMJ CR

A

25-30 caudal enters 1/2” anterior and 2” superior to upside EAM, exits through TMJ

188
Q

what side is against IR for Axiolateral TMJ

A

affected side

189
Q

what is demonstrated on Axiolateral TMJ

A

condyles and neck of mandible

190
Q

CR Rhese

A

exits down orbit

191
Q

In Rhese what parts touching grid

A

nose, cheek, and chin

192
Q

What positioning line is perpendicular to IR in Rhese?

A

AML

193
Q

what is demonstrated in Rhese?

A

optic foramen in lower outer quadrant of orbit

Radiography Spring 2016 (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions