Image Analysis Radiographic Contrast 1.3 Flashcards

1
Q

Visibility of detail factor that describes the difference between adjacent densities on an image

A

contrast

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2
Q

What must be present on an image for anatomic structures to be visualized?

A

entity it must exhibit contrasting shades of black, white, and gray compared to the structures that surround it

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3
Q

Define short scale contrast

A

images the display just a few gray shades and appear mostly black and white

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4
Q

define long scale contrast

A

images that display many shades of gray and few blacks and whites

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5
Q

Contrast caused by the anatomic density, atomic number, and thickness differences of the patients body parts, and how differently each tissue composition will absorb x-ray photons

A

subject contrast

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6
Q

what the kVp factor determines

A

the energy of x-ray photons produced and the differential absorption that occurs in the patinets tissues as the x-ray pass thru the patients body

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7
Q

what is the penetrating power of the beam?

A

kVp

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8
Q

What type of images does using high kVp produce?

A

low contrast images

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9
Q

Using high kVp causes more what?

A

scatter

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10
Q

How does an image appear when using high kVp?

A

long-scale contrast (few blacks and whites and many grays)

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11
Q

What type of image does low kVp produce?

A

high contrast images–produces low energy photons that are easily absorbed

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12
Q

What images will exhibit when using low kVp

A

short scale contrast (mostly black and white with few grays)

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13
Q

How images will appear when using low KVP?

A

appear mostly black and white

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14
Q

What must be evaluated to obtain desired level of contrast and gray scale

A

each patients body part being imaged and select the appropriate kVp for that specific patient

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15
Q

Define optimum kVp

A

the kVp that will provide adequate part penetration and sufficient image contrast

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16
Q

what to do to the technique when you need higher contrast and will have to alter the technical factors always from optimum kVp

A

decrease original kVp by 15%, and increase mAs by 100% alter factors away from optimum kVp

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17
Q

What to do the technique when you need lower contrast and must deviate from optimum kVp?

A

increase original kVp used by 15%, decrease mAs by 50%

18
Q

what is the general rule with adjusting the contrast with kVp?

A

you should stay relatively close to optimum kVp level for the specific structure being imaged to maintain sufficient penetration

19
Q

how scatter radiation affects radiographic contrast

A

scatter radiation decreases contrast by putting a blanket of density (fog) over the image

20
Q

what happens to the radiographic contrast as the amount of scatter increases

A

the greater the decrease in contrast and decrease in visibility

21
Q

how to control the amount of scatter reaching the IR and improve contrast

A

by reducing the amount of tissue irradiated, collimate, decreasing the field size, and using a grid

22
Q

what higher grid ratios does to an image

A

the greater the scatter cleanup and the higher the radiographic contrast

23
Q

how to improve the visibility of recorded detail on an area of interest that will have an increased thickness

A

place a large, flat contact shield or straight edge of a lead apron along appropriate border

24
Q

define artifact

A

any undesirable structure or substance recorded on an image

25
Q

Groups that artifacts can be categorized into

A
  • anatomic structure that obscure area of interest or have no purpose for being there and can be removed from an image
  • externally removable objects (possessions)
  • internal objects (prostheses or monitoring lines)
  • appearances that result from improper equipment use (grid cutoff)
26
Q

define anatomic artifact

A

any anatomic structure that is within the image that could have been removed

27
Q

best way to avoid anatomic artifacts

A

explaining to the patient the importance of remaining in that position; visually check

28
Q

define external artifacts

A

artifacts found outside the patients body

29
Q

what are some common external artifacts

A

earrings, rings, necklaces, bra hooks, dental structures, hair pins, monitoring lines, gown snaps

30
Q

define internal artifacts

A

artifacts found within the patient

31
Q

examples of internal artifacts

A

prosthesis and pacemaker and port a caths

32
Q

define grid alignment artifacts

A

grid lines that result from the use of stationary grids and the improper use of all grid type

33
Q

when do grid lines occur and what do they look like

A

because the lead strips absorb primary radiation and are visible as small white lines on an image

34
Q

what are the causes of grid lines

A

1.Parallel grid was tilted or CR was angled toward the lead strips, image will demonstrate grid lines on the side toward which the CR is angled
2. if parallel or focused grid was off focus (taken at an SID outside focusing range) image will demonstrate grid lines on the entire image
3. if focused grid was tilted or CR was angled entire image will demonstrate grid lines
4/ if focused grid was upside down, image demonstrates grid lines on both sides
5. if focused grid was off centered (CR not centered on the center of grid) image demonstrated grid lines on entire image

35
Q

what are film handling and processing artifacts

A

improper film handling and processing can cause artifacts such as film creases, static, fog, stains, scratches, and hesitation marks

36
Q

when must an image be repeated in regards to artifacts

A

if an artifact can be eliminated obscures any portion of area of interest the image needs to be repeated

37
Q

when does it not need to be repeated in regard to artifacts

A

if the artifact is located outside the area of interest the image does not need to be repeated

38
Q

define what an optimal image is

A

when an image meets all necessary requirements and does not need to be repeated

39
Q

factors to consider when deciding if an image is acceptable or not

A
  • your facilities standards
  • age and condition of patient
  • conditions under which the patient was imaged
  • whether obvious pathology is evident
  • whether the indications for the exam were met
40
Q

who decides if an image is acceptable

A

each facility has its own standards that will determine whether an image should be repeated, has to be acceptable in the yes of the radiologist and the technologist to a point

41
Q

why would less than optimal images be accepted

A

because repeating the image may be impossible, as in a surgery cases or in other cases where patient cannot cooperate

42
Q

what must you do when a less than optimal image is accepted

A

record on requisition or in the computer any information about the patients condition or situation that resulted in the acceptance of that image