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Radiography Spring 2016 > Image Analysis Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Image Analysis Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

How do you display torso, vertebral, cranial, shoulder, and hip images?

A

As if the patient were standing in an upright position

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2
Q

How do you display AP, PA, AP-PA oblique images of the torso, vertebrae, and cranium?

A

Displayed as if the viewer and patient are facing one another. the right side of the patient image is the viewers left, the left side of the patient’s image is the viewers right

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3
Q

How to display AP/PA (Lateral Decubitus) chest and abdomen projections

A

Displayed as if the viewer and the patient are facing each other. Then turned to be displayed so that the side of the patient that was positioned upward when the projection as taken is upward on the displayed image.

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4
Q

Which exams/projections of the upper extremity will be displayed from the finger tips?

A

finger, wrist, and forearm

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5
Q

Which exams/projections of the upper extremity will be displayed from the shoulder

A

elbow and humerus

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6
Q

Which exams of the lower extremity will be displayed from the toes?

A

toes, AP and AP oblique foot projections

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7
Q

Which exams of the lower extremity will be displayed from the hip?

A

lateral foot, ankle, lower leg, knee, femur

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8
Q

What demographic requirements must be permanently photo flashed or displayed on digital display monitor of each image?

A

correct patient name, age or DOB, facility name, date and time

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9
Q

What must be included on each image to be considered a legal document in a court of law

A

correct lead marker from exposure. Not post processing

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10
Q

Why are markers placed on the IR and not on the imaging table or patient?

A

This placement avoids marker distortion and magnification, preventing scatter radiation from undercutting the marker and ensures that the marker will not be projected of the IR. Prevents cross contamination

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11
Q

Where do you place markers for an AP/PA projection of the torso, vertebrae, or cranium?

A

Place R or L marker laterally on the side being marked using that patients vertebral column as a dividing plane for right and left sides

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12
Q

For lateral projections why are markers commonly placed anteriorly on patient and not posterior?

A

because markers placed posteriorly are often over exposed

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13
Q

For decubitus projections of the torso why is the marker placed on the “up side” or side away from the cart of table

A

the marker will be better visualized and less likely to obscure the VOI

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14
Q

When placing more than one image on same IR on a series what is the marker requirement?

A

Mark only one of the projections placed on the IR as long as they are all projections of the same anatomic structure

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15
Q

When doing bilateral exam on the same IR what is the marker requirement?

A

mark both projections with the correct R or L marker

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16
Q

How do you decide what size IR to use for a specific exam?

A

should be just large enough to include the required VOI and to provide a projection with the best spatial resolution

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17
Q

What factors dictate the orientation of the IR for specific exams?

A

body habitus and part length to IR system

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18
Q

What is the General Rule associated with the size selection and placement of IR?

A

long axis of the part aligned with long axis of IR

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19
Q

Distinguish between the different body habitus?

A

Hyperstenic-biggest-wide, short thorax, and broad abdomen with high diaphragm
Asthenic-smallest-long narrow thorax and abdomen with low diaphragm
Hyposthenic- bigger than asthenic but smaller than sthenic (smaller-average patient)
Sthenic- bigger than hyposthenic but smaller than hypersthenic (larger average -muscular)

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20
Q

When is proper collimation achieved?

A

When the beam of radiation is narrow enough to include only the VOI and approximately .5 inches of the required surrounding anatomy

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21
Q

Good collimation results in what 3 factors

A
  1. clearly delineates the VOI
  2. decreases the radiation dosage by limiting the amount of patient tissue exposed
  3. Improves the visibility of recorded details by reducing the amount of scatter radiation that reaches the IR
  4. Reduces histogram analysis errors
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22
Q

What is the general rule associated with collimation?

A

Each projection should demonstrate a small collimated border around the entire VOI

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23
Q

When does this general rule not apply?

A

When the ENTIRE IR must be used to prevent clipping of needed anatomy as with chest and abdomen projections

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24
Q

How does collimator light appear on thick patients?

A

the smaller the collimator’s light field that appears on the patient’s skins surface

25
Q

Why is collimation so important on thicker patients?

A

tight collimation demonstrates the largest improvement in the visibility of the recorded details because it will cause the greatest reduction in the production of scatter radiation

26
Q

For extremities, chest, and abdomen projections how do you adjust your collimator (collimate within)

A

collimate to within 0.5 inch of the skin line of the chest VOI

27
Q

magnification is also known as

A

size distortion

28
Q

When is magnification present?

A

on a projection when all axes of a structure demonstrate an equal percentage of increase in size over the real object

29
Q

How will your collimator borders be determined on structures within the torso?

A

as close as possible. bring the collimated borders to within 1 inch of the VOI. Use palpable anatomic structures around VOI to determine how close the borders are.

30
Q

What are the 3 factors that cause some type of size distortion on all images?

A
  1. no projection is taken with the part situated directly on the IR
  2. NO anatomic structure image is flat
  3. Not all structures are imaged with a perpendicular beam
    - all projections demonstrate some degree of magnification
31
Q

What does the amount of magnification depend on?

A

on how far each structure is from the IR at a set SID

32
Q

What 2 situation commonly cause magnification?

A
  1. the farther away the part is situated from the IR the more magnified the structure will be
  2. When the same structure situated at the same object image receptor distance is imaged at a different SID, with the longer SID resulting in the least magnification
33
Q

How to keep size distortion to a minimum?

A

use the shortest possible OID and the longest feasible SID

34
Q

What is the most common shape distortion?

A

elongation

35
Q

When does this shape distortion occur?

A

when one of the structures axes appears disproportionately longer on the projection than the opposite axis

36
Q

When the least amount of elongation occurs?

A

when the CR, part, and IR set up is aligned

37
Q

3 times elongation commonly occurs

A
  1. CR is perpendicular to the part and the IR is parallel with the part, but the part is not centered to the CR(off-centered)
  2. The CR is angled and is not aligned perpendicular to the part, but the IR and the part are parallel with each other
  3. The CR and part aligned perpendicular to each other, but the IR is not aligned parallel with the part
38
Q

When is foreshortening demonstrated?

A

When one of the structures axes appears disproportionately shorter on the projections then the opposite axis

39
Q

When does foreshortening occur?

A

When the CR and IR are perpendicular to each other, but the part is inclined/angled. The greater the angle, the greater the foreshortening

40
Q

What does recorded detail refer to?

A

to the sharpness of the lines of the image

41
Q

What constitutes good recorded detail

A

lines of the image are sharp

42
Q

What constitutes poor recorded detail?

A

blurry edges around image lines

43
Q

What factors influence recorded detail?

A

focal spot size, SID, OID, speed of image receptor when applicable, contact between the film and intensifying screen when applicable, motion, double exposure

44
Q

When will images not be visible on regards to focal spot size?

A

A detail that is smaller than focal spot used to produce the image will not be visible

45
Q

What does the use of a small focal spot increase?

A

the visibility of bony trabeculae

46
Q

When is using a small focal spot not feasible?

A

when imaging structures that require a high mAs setting

47
Q

When should you use a large focal spot size?

A

when a patients thickness measurement is large or a patients ability to hold still is not achievable, a large focal spot is a the better choice

48
Q

Why is keeping size distortion to a minimum so important?

A

size distortion produces poor recorded detail

49
Q

How do you compensate for an increased OID?

A

by increasing the SID above the standard recommendation

50
Q

How do you compensate mAs when SID must be increased to offset magnification?

A

increase the mAs using the exposure maintenance formula

51
Q

How is poor screen-film contact demonstrated on an image?

A

by blurred image only in the area where screen and film are not making direct contact

52
Q

Define motion unsharpness

A

the lack of detail sharpness on an image that is most often caused by patient movement during the exposure

53
Q

Describe voluntary motion

A

can be controlled by the patient; breathing

54
Q

how to best control voluntary motion

A

by explaining to the patient the importance of holding still, making the patient as comfortable as possible on the table, using the shortest exposure time, and using positioning devices

55
Q

how voluntary motion is identified on a n image?

A

blurred details/// blurred cortical outlines

56
Q

describe involuntary motion

A

movement the patient cannot control

57
Q

how involuntary motion appears on an image?

A

appears radiographically the same as voluntary motion, with the exception of in the abdomen

58
Q

How involuntary motion will appear within the abdomen?

A

peristaltic activity of the stomach and small or large intestine can be identified on a projection by sharp bony cortices and blurry gastric and intestinal gases

59
Q

How to decrease blur caused by involuntary motion

A

use the shortest possible exposure time

Radiography Spring 2016 (14 decks)

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