Racial Heirarchy

Question 1

White elite

Answer 1

white women only 6%
1550-1750s - wealth increasingly held by local elite
urban, protected by force, royal authority.

Question 2

numbers of white elites

Answer 2

1570 - 25,000

1650 - 70,000

Question 3

Criollos

Answer 3

by 1650s, outnumbered the spanish born
exclusion from office, power, titles - resentment - bourbon reforms = futher exclusion
resentful and confident, but afraid of mestizos, indigenous and slaves

Question 4

indigenous depopulation

Answer 4

dying but not being born
Hispaniola - 1 million - 29,000 in one generation
disease
declining food and water supply
labour, overwork

Question 5

indigenous - colonists vs church argument

Answer 5

church - indians had souls, deserved care, conquest/slavery illegal, indians should own their own lands
colonists - indians needed for wealth and income, racial superiority
1542 new laws - abolished indian slavery

Question 6

african slaves

Answer 6

always at bottom of social heirarchy
1500 - 75,000 slaves imported from Iberia
threat of rebellion by escaped slaves living in palenques/quilombos

Question 7

mestizos/mixed races

Answer 7

till 1600 denied status and rejected by whites and indigenous
outnumbered whites by 1700
1800 - the majority
growing fear of mestizos - control of them. second class.

Question 8

Brazil - declares indian freedom BUT

Answer 8

allowed slavery of cannibals or in a just war, leading to Bandeiras, large slave hunting expeditions

Question 9

numbers of african slaves in brazil

Answer 9

1600 - 15,000
4000 per year
8000 per year by 1660s
1700 - 150,000

Question 10

brazilian local elite were:

Answer 10

brazilianised portuguese - eg married local
slave ownership
autonomous local councils

Question 11

portuguese/whites in 1700

Answer 11

brazilian born whites - 2nd class, but excluded less than spanish criollos
100,000 whites - 1/3 of population

Question 12

brazilian laws in 1774

Answer 12

indigenous legally freed, mixed race unions recognised

Question 13

Las Casas historian

Answer 13

Indians portrayed as innocent, childlike, intelligent, civilised
focus on Hispaniola and Cuba where there is no human sacrifice
a conquistador - one of the originals

Question 14

Sepúlveda historian

Answer 14

trying to justify war
slavery - about Indians
difficult to know what to do with pagans who have never heard of God
not knowing God = barbarians

Question 15

issues of labour in Brazil

Answer 15

Tupí unwillingness - enslavement, resistence, depopulation
Jesuit protests
Fazendeiro oppostion
bandeirantes