Peninsular-criollo crisis

Question 1

1542 laws - exclusion

Answer 1

banned inheritance of encomienda but oppostion, crown surrender

Question 2

what caused the criollo resentment?

Answer 2

exclusion from office, power, titles
bourbon reforms - restrictions ended development
lack of formal titles, reality of growing power
1800s - growing resentment in already self-governing colonies among both liberals and conservatives

Question 3

criollo confidence

Answer 3

growing sense of identity, confidence growing as they have been running things autonomously
rising political consciousness, shaped by ideas from france and north america - equality, self-determination

Question 4

1512 law

Answer 4

law decreeing wages/supervision of encomiendas

law revoked, opposition from cortes and local elite

Question 5

1700 and criollos

Answer 5

local elites ineffective control

growing signs of local autonomy

Question 6

1760 criollos and local autonomy

Answer 6

military modernisation - creation of armed militia, involved criollos in their own defence. giving non-peninsulares more involvement

Question 7

liberalism and the criollos

Answer 7

most criollos unsure about independence - race fears
liberal criollos opposed authoritarian ferdinand and conservative criollos feared liberal cortes - both spanish liberals and conservatives against american self rule
but 1816-26, criollos begin to see stability as only coming via independence

Question 8

economy of silver

Answer 8

formally controlled by crown, increasingly held by local elite
heavily taxed, growing contraband, increasing silver retention in the colonies
colonial economies replacing spain economically, increasing local production and growing intercolonial trade
bourbon reforms - to recolonise them economically

Question 9

criollos in cuba

Answer 9

remained loyal

Question 10

criollos in puerto rico

Answer 10

fewer criollos and slaves

greater criollo willingness not to change

Question 11

brazilian born whites in brazil

Answer 11

2nd class but excluded less than spanish criollos
liberals wanted weak monarchy, conservatives wanted power

Question 12

New lands initially treated as extension of Spain:

Answer 12

1511 - audencias (regional courts)
1524 - council of the Indies (like all spanish regions)
but crown feared new uncontrollable elite

Question 13

rebellions in late 18th c

Answer 13

1780 - Tupac Amaru in Upper Peru - claimed to be descended from aztect emperor - against the mita, taxes and debts
1781 - white and mestizo - comuneros in New Granada against tax, tobacco control and ‘mal gobierno’
1791 - Haiti rebellion - slaves

Question 14

First wave of rebellion

Answer 14

1810-13
mexico - 2 small rebellions by indigenous and mestizos - suppression of Mexican revolt
small liberal rebellions in other places
independence declared in Caracas, Santiago, Santo Domingo

Question 15

second wave of rebellion

Answer 15

1816-26
Mexico - fear of spanish liberalism, stability only coming via independence - 1820 Iturbide revolt
1821 - central american colonies declare independence from spain and mexico

Question 16

Río de la Plata independence

Answer 16

declared in 1816
Paraguay declared independence from Buenos Aires and Spain and closed its borders
Buenos aires invasion of banda oriental, gave it independence as Uruguay, but then portuguese occupation
army of the andes led by San Martín

Question 17

last dates of independence

Answer 17

1821 - Santo Domingo
1822 - Bolívar frees Nueva Granada
1826 - Bolivia

Question 18

Britain and USA view of independence

Answer 18

Britain opportunistically supports independence, tolerated aid to rebels, opposed spanish reconquest, recognised republics after 1816
USA - ideological sympathy, tolerate support for rebels

Question 19

attempt at reconquest:

Answer 19

1829 - 2 month occupation of port of Tampico
1861 - mexican debt problems, britain, france and spain go to collect, but britain withdraws and spain has to too
1864 - spanish attack on peruvian islands - defeated by combined forces of chile/peru/bolivia/ecuador

Question 20

Santo Domingo

Answer 20

1821 - declares independence
1821-44 occupied by Haiti - rebellion and new independence as Dominican Republic
but self-doubt and racism - offer dominican sovreignty in exchange for whitening the country
Spain took them back in 1861
but rapid re-imposition of old colonialism, overt racism, reHispanisation
1862 - rebellion by criollos, 10,000 spanish dead
1865 - re-independent.

Question 21

Spanish ‘reconquest’ in africa

Answer 21

invade morocco
dreaming of new african empire
7000 dead
occupy tetuan for only 2 years
though in 1912-56 morcco remained a protectorate