Modern World

Question 1

1812 constitution

Answer 1

Sovereinty dervied from people and nation, not monarch
Spain is union of all Spaniards in both hemispheres
Catholicism = state religion, only one permitted
Spain to be parlimentary monarchy
Ministers answer to cortes, not crown
regional laws abolished - further centralisation of Spanish state
Senorios and inquisition abolished

Question 2

Conflicts of Old/New Spain

Answer 2

Enlightenment/ enlightened absolutism
conservative/liberalism - proper relationship for church/aristocracy/people
1830s Carlist movement against liberalism and percieved anti-Catholicism
Industrialisation patchy, still very agricultural

Question 3

Process of centralism vs regionalism

Answer 3

18thc - Bourbons wanting to standardise and centralise, build up and centralise power
1812 - constitution, regional laws and privileges abolished, further centralisation
19thc - madrid based government, industrialisation and urbanisation opened way for social changes

Question 4

1680-1690 Reforms

Answer 4

Conde de Oropesa 1685 - reformist
tax reform plans
reduced expenditures
cut budgets for royal households
eliminated superfluous offices
tried to stop power of clergy

Question 5

18th c Bourbon reforms

Answer 5

One administration for country
Common currency
Want to open up opportunities for middle class
Local elections for town councils, electoral reforms
Taxes - raise money to spend on more reforms
Want to populate underpopulated areas - increase agricultural productivity

Question 6

land reform 1800s

Answer 6

in 1800, land dominated by monarchy, aristocracy, church - owned 60% of entailed land
mass sale of church land afterroyal decree of 1798 - 1/6 of church land sold by 1808, but bought up by aristocracy

Question 7

Jovellanos study

Answer 7

1795
urged break up of major estates, relaxation on entailment and senorios
economic rather than moral justification ie introduce free market
political dream of small, property owning middle class

Question 8

19thc liberal reformers

Answer 8

preeminent role of parliments in law making
diminished role of catholic church in politics
established primacy of private (not corporate) property
liberalised economy, helped bring about modest industrialisation/urbanisation
land = replace entailed land with smallholding property class – middle class
education and infrastructural development to prepare country for capitalist exploitation

Question 9

New constitution of Spain in 1876

Answer 9

Freedom of expression
Catholicism = state religion but others accepted
political parties and trade unions allowed to produce newspapers
1890s - male suffrage and right to trial by jury

Question 10

Liberalism

Answer 10

Moderate vs Progressive
challenge to old way
abolution of traditional privileges, encouragement of capitalism
lacked a solid base of support
Britain and France supported it after 1830

Question 11

Political liberals

Answer 11

disentailment of church lands

support high import tariffs as they now rural landowners

Question 12

Economic liberals

Answer 12

favoured reduction/abolition of import tarrifs in favour of free trade
by mid 19th c, economic liberalism winning

Question 13

Benefits liberalism brought to Spain

Answer 13

industrial take off after mid 19thc: finance centering in Madrid, textile industry in Barcelona, mining in Basque and south
foreign trade doubles 1852-62
investment in infrastructural improvements - railway, road building
reforms on state power

Question 14

19th c Industrialisation - benefits?

Answer 14

limited but led to significant changes
improvements in education and literacy
middle class expands - self aware and self assertive, aspired to political and social reforms
limited economic development - signs of modernity, ideas of socialism

Question 15

Portugal - Pombals economic reforms

Answer 15

state monopolies - economies of Brazil supply Portugal
wants people to respect private commerce instead of wealth and ancestry
wants to give status to commerce and create an entrepenurial middle class
about making Portugal economically competitive

Question 16

Portugal - Pombal’s political and educational reforms

Answer 16

wnats to create loyal middle class
reform education, make it state controlled
state funding of primary schools
vocational education
instil certain values, loyalty to state etc.

Question 17

Portugal from 1860s

Answer 17

monarchist
2 parties - moderate and progressive strands of liberalism
but fixed elections - performance based legitimacy. brings stability
continued economic development

Question 18

Debt in the 16th c

Answer 18

Carlos I borrowed 29 million ducats from european bankers at interest rate of 32%
debt payments accounted for 84% of spain’s revenues in 1565
1584 Philip 2 - debt at 74 million - income triples and taxes rose by 430% during Philip’s reign

Question 19

Castile’s disaster decade

Answer 19

1677-1687
catastrophic weather
severe malnutrition and plague
economic disaster, inflation - 1600-1680 price levels increased 65% in castile

Question 20

allies with britain/france in late 18th and early 19th c?

Answer 20

Spain allied with Britain against france to stop revolutionary ideas - 1793-95
Spain allied with france against britain 1796-1802/1804-1808
Spain allied with Britain against Grance in bid to end French occupation 1808-1814

Question 21

Portugal late 19th c economy

Answer 21

rural country and economy
bought less machine part and spares as a nation than a single british factory in Ipswich
used 40,000 tons of steel a year, less than output of a single british steel mill
cotton consumption roughly half of european average